Location of Shoulder Glenoid Labral Tears: A Study of 1763 Consecutive Patients.

BACKGROUND: Anterior shoulder labral tearing has historically been considered the most common location of shoulder labral pathology. Recently, smaller studies have reported that posterior labral involvement may be more common than previously recognized. PURPOSE: To examine the location of surgically repaired labral tears by a single surgeon over a consecutive 23-year period. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A total of 1763 consecutive patients who underwent arthroscopic or open shoulder labral repair by a single seniorsports medicine fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeon between April 2000 and April 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to identify patients, which included 29806, 29807, 29822, and 29823. Exclusion criteria included isolated shoulder manipulation or glenohumeral joint or labral debridement that did not include repair. Intraoperative glenoid labral tears observed were categorized into 7 broad categories: (1) anterior labral tears, (2) posterior labral tears, (3) superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) type II tears (A, B, or C), (4) SLAP type V tears, (5) SLAP type VIII tears, or (6) circumferential labral tears (combined SLAP, anterior, and posterior labral tear). Shoulders diagnosed with multiple tear patterns (ie, anterior and posterior) were also noted. RESULTS: During the 23-year period, 1763 patients underwent arthroscopic or open labral repair; they included 1295 male and 468 female patients, ranging in age from 12 to 70 years, with a mean age of 23.2 years and median age of 19 years. Overall, 28.4% of tears involved the anterior labrum, 64.9% involved the posterior labrum, and 59.6% involved the superior labrum. Regarding isolated tears, 9.3% were isolated anterior labral tears, 19.7% were isolated posterior labral tears, 11.5% involved the anterior and posterior labrum, 22.2% were isolated superior (SLAP type II-IV) tears, 3.63% were isolated SLAP type V tears, 29.8% were isolated SLAP type VIII tears, and 4.1% were circumferential tears. CONCLUSION: Posterior shoulder labral tearing was more common than anterior tearing in a large consecutive series of 1763 patients who underwent surgical repair. This highlights the importance of posterior labral pathology, which sometimes may be overlooked because of more vague complaints, with pain and loss of function being the most common.

Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions of the Knee: Evidence-Based Treatment.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee is a potentially disabling condition in adolescent and young adults, which is likely multifactorial in origin. In recent years, there have been notable improvements in identification and treatment. Clinical presentation varies based mostly on OCD lesion stability. Patients with stable lesions generally present with vague knee pain and altered gait while mechanical symptoms and effusion are more common with unstable lesions. Lesions most commonly occur on the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle in patients aged 10 to 20 years. Magnetic resonance imaging is vital to diagnose and predict clinical treatment, which is largely based on stability of the fragment. Conservative treatment of stable lesions in patients with open physis is recommended with protected weight-bearing and gradual progression of activities over the course of 3 to 6 months. Stable OCD lesions which failed a nonsurgical course can be treated with transarticular or retrograde drilling while unstable lesions usually require fixation, autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), osteochondral autograft transfer (OATS), or osteochondral allograft transplantation. This review highlights the most current understanding of knee OCD lesions and treatment options with the goal of optimizing outcomes in this difficult pathology.

Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Patients are at Increased Risk of Postoperative Hyperglycemia When Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients are at an increased risk of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The relationship between insulin-dependence and PJI has not been investigated. We aimed at evaluating whether insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients were more susceptible to postoperative hyperglycemia and PJI than their non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) counterparts. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of diabetic patients undergoing TJA (hip or knee) from January 2011 to December 2016. Preoperative hemoglobin A1c (A1c) and postoperative glucose measurements were observed. Patients were stratified as IDDM or NIDDM. The A1c values that predicted hyperglycemia >200 mg/dL for each group were calculated. Primary end point was postoperative hyperglycemia >200 mg/dL and secondary end point was PJI. RESULTS: There were 773 patients meeting inclusion criteria. The IDDM cohort had a higher preoperative A1c (6.97% vs 6.28%, P < .0001) and postoperative glucose (235.2 vs 163.5, P < .0001). IDDM patients were more likely to have postoperative hyperglycemia (63.84% vs 20.83%, P < .0001; odds ratio, 5.2; 95% confidence interval, 3.66-7.4). Overall, an A1c of >7.45% predicted postoperative hyperglycemia >200 mg/mL (odds ratio, 6.94; 95% confidence interval, 4.32-11.45). When separating our 2 cohorts, an A1c of >6.59% in IDDM, and >6.60% in NIDDM, was associated with an increased risk of postoperative hyperglycemia (P < .0001). PJI was similar between the 2 cohorts (2.52% vs 2.38%, P = .9034). CONCLUSION: IDDM patients undergoing TJA are 5.2 times more likely to have postoperative hyperglycemia >200 mg/dL than their NIDDM counterparts, although increased risk of PJI was not found in this study. Despite the higher A1c and postoperative hyperglycemia in IDDM patients, there was found to be no clinical difference between A1c cutoff values for postoperative hyperglycemia between IDDM and NIDDM patients.