[THE RISK FACTORS AND CHEMOPREVENTION OF FEBRILE URINARY TRACT INFECTION AFTER TRANSURETHRAL URETEROLITHOTRIPSY].

(Objectives) Transurethral Ureterolithotripsy (TUL) has become an increasingly more common treatment for ureteric stones since the reduction in ureteroscope diameter and other device improvements. At the same time, TUL sometimes shows postoperative febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) with severe complications. Therefore we investigated the occurrence and risk factors of fUTI in our hospital, and assessed the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to TUL. (Materials and methods) The subjects were 260 patients who underwent TUL in our department during the period from January 2011 to October 2014. We retrospectively reviewed the data of those who developed postoperative fUTI and identified the risk factors of postoperative fUTI. From November 2014 to August 2016, we enrolled 110 patients undergoing TUL with one or more risk factors in a prospective clinical trial of prophylactic oral levofloxacin (500 mg) for 1 week before TUL. The chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis (significance level of 0.05). (Results) Postoperative fUTI occurred in 43 (16.5%) of 260 patients. The risk factors of postoperative fUTI included preoperative pyelonephritis (P=0.02), preoperative ureteral stent placement (P=0.017), and operative time >90 min (P=0.005). Operative time was correlated with and could be substituted for pre-TUL stone size (P<0.0001). Chemopreventive therapy before TUL in patients with preoperative pyelonephritis, preoperative ureteral stent placement, or stones of >20 mm significantly reduced their risk of fUTI (P=0.012). (Conclusions) The use of antibiotic prophylaxis significantly reduces the risk of postoperative fUTI in patients with preoperative pyelonephritis, preoperative ureteral stent placement, or stones of >20 mm.

[Nutcracker syndrome treated by endovascular stenting of the left renal vein].

We describe endovascular stenting of the left renal vein to treat Nutcracker syndrome accompanied by gross hematuria. A 26-year-old woman with a history of hematuria and left flank pain was admitted to another hospital in January 2009. She was referred to our hospital in August 2010 for further investigation and treatment for suspected Nutcracker syndrome based on her medical history and the recurrent gross hematuria. Computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery and cystoscopy revealed bloody urine from the left ureteric orifice. Ureteroscopy revealed diffuse bleeding from the renal pelvic mucosa. The cytodiagnosis of urine was Class II. She developed left flank pain and further recurrent hematuria in July 2011 and sought active treatment by stenting at our hospital. After we obtained the approval of the Ethical Review Board in our institution, we treated by endovascular stenting of the left renal vein. The venous phase of selective renal angiography during the procedure revealed dilation of the mid-renal vein with delayed flow into the inferior vena cava and tortuous dilated collateral vessels. Two ELUMINEXX Vascular Stents (12 x 40 mm) were deployed at the stenotic site of the left renal vein via the right femoral vein. This strategy improved the stenosis and collateral vessels. No significant postoperative adverse events developed other than dull back pain that disappeared after a few days, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 4. CT findings three months after the procedure confirmed resolution of the left renal vein compression. Six months post-procedure, the patient had no left flank pain or further hematuria.

Clinical usefulness of bone markers in prostate cancer with bone metastasis.

Bone metastases occur in approximately 70% of patients with advanced prostate cancer. Skeletal-related events have been correlated with reduced survival and quality of life of patients with prostate cancer. Biochemical markers of bone metabolism (e.g. bone formation, bone resorption, osteoclastogenesis) might meet an unmet need for useful, non-invasive and sensitive surrogate information for following patients' skeletal health. Recently, zoledronic acid and denosumab have been proven to have the potential for preventing skeletal-related events among prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis. An improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying bone metastasis has also led to the recognition of multiple molecular targets and advances in therapy. However, estimating the efficacy of these agents is difficult. A clinical trial for castration-resistant prostate cancer is currently underway based on the definition of The Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group, and bone turnover markers are being used as conventional end-points for the clinical trial. Bone turnover markers are useful surrogate markers reflecting the effect of new therapeutic drugs and prognosis, as well as assessment of bone metastases. In particular, N-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase are widely used bone metabolism markers, and offer reliable surrogate markers to detect bone metastatic spread and to predict prognosis for prostate cancer patients with bone metastases.

Additive effect of zoledronic acid on serum prostate-specific antigen changes for hormone-sensitive prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis treated by combined androgen blockade.

Combined androgen blockade is widely used to treat patients with advanced prostate cancer. Recently, zoledronic acid was proven to be effective in preventing skeletal-related events for prostate cancer patients with bone metastases. Aim of the present study was to assess the effect of adding zoledronic acid to combined androgen blockade in the treatment of hormone-naïve metastatic prostate cancer patients by analyzing the changes of biomarker levels. Patients were treated with either a combination of combined androgen blockade and zoledronic acid (n=23) or combined androgen blockade alone (historical control combined androgen blockade group, n=42). Zoledronic acid was injected intravenously at 4 mg every 4 weeks for 2 years. Prostate-specific antigen and bone turnover markers (alkaline phosphatase and pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen) were examined before treatment and at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Sequential changes of prostate-specific antigen, alkaline phosphatase and pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen for the two groups versus pretreatment levels were compared. Prostate-specific antigen values in both groups significantly declined at 3, 6 and 12 months compared with pretreatment levels. However, the decline of the prostate-specific antigen was lower in the combined androgen blockade group. Alkaline phosphatase significantly declined at 6 and 12 months in the combination of combined androgen blockade and zoledronic acid group, with no significant changes seen in the combined androgen blockade group. The addition of zoledronic acid to combined androgen blockade showed prostate-specific antigen and bone turnover markers response compared with combined androgen blockade therapy only, suggesting a potential antitumor effect of zoledronic acid in the management of metastatic prostate cancer patients.

[Group a streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis of the genital area (Fournier's gangrene): a case report].

A necrotizing fasciitis especially caused by group A streptococcal infection is a life-threatening disease. This infection cause death due to septic shock and multiple organ failure in a short time without the immediate and adequate treatment. Currently a rapid test kit for streptococcal pharyngitis (strep A) is useful for prediction of group A streptococcal infection. We here demonstrate a 61 years old man's case of life-saved necrotizing fasciitis in genital area (Fournier's gangrene) by group A streptococcus infection, and usefulness of this kit for rapid diagnosis, aggressive debridement, and selection of adequate antibiotics.

Significance of serum osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand in Japanese prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of serum osteoclastogenesis markers for detection of bone metastasis in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and to assess the usefulness of these markers as predictors of mortality from PCa. METHODS: Serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) levels were measured in 201 patients (51 with bone metastasis, 55 with T2M0 PCa, 46 with T3M0 PCa, and 49 without PCa). Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of bone metastasis. Correlation of serum marker levels with bone metastasis was assessed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to predict cause-specific survival in PCa patients with bone metastasis. RESULTS: Serum OPG and prostate-specific antigen levels were significantly elevated in patients with bone metastasis. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis demonstrated that serum OPG levels were significant predictors of bone metastasis. ROC analyses showed that serum OPG levels were the most reliable predictor of bone metastasis (area under the curve = 0.68). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that only serum OPG and extent of disease on bone scan (EOD) >3 were independent prognostic factors for PCa-related death. On the other hand, serum RANKL levels were not significant predictors of bone metastasis and could not predict survival probability in PCa patients with bone metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Serum OPG was a more reliable marker than serum RANKL in detecting bone metastatic spread and in predicting survival probability in PCa patients with bone metastasis.

Cavernous hemangioma mimicking a cystic renal cell carcinoma.

A 69-year-old man was hospitalized for treatment of a left renal tumor. The tumor had originally been demonstrated as a simple renal cyst 4 years before. However, the size of the tumor decreased, and at the time of hospitalization, the tumor showed a solid, papillary component that was enhanced by contrast medium on computed tomography (CT) and had high signal intensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We diagnosed this tumor as a cystic renal cell carcinoma of the left kidney, cT1aN0M0, arising from the epithelium of a renal cyst, and performed a left partial nephrectomy. The pathological diagnosis was cavernous hemangioma of the left kidney. Generally, it is difficult to diagnose a cavernous hemangioma of the kidney preoperatively. This case is unusual because the configuration of this tumor changed within a few years. When we find a renal cyst with a solid component, renal cavernous hemangioma arising from the cyst wall should be considered in the differential diagnosis, and a conservative surgical approach should be considered.

[The effectiveness of naftopidil in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia evaluated by QOL index].

We examined the effectiveness of naftopidil in 81 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We examined quality of life (QOL) and determined which symptoms improved as a result of naftopidil administration. The findings indicated that storage symptoms, voiding symptoms, total International Prostate Sympotom Score (IPSS), QOL index, Qmax and residual urine volume were significantly improved after treatment when compared to baseline. Improvement of nocturia and incomplete emptying by naftopidil contributed to improvement in QOL, odds ratio between the good response group and poor response group were 3.6 and 2.3, respectively. During naftopidil treatment, two of the 81 patients complained of adverse events. The results show that naftpidil is effective for LUTS caused by BPH, and that improvement of nocturia and incomplete emptying contributed to the improvement in QOL.

A case of metastatic testicular cancer complicated by tumour lysis syndrome and choriocarcinoma syndrome.

A 26-year-old man was referred to our hospital for treatment of metastatic testicular cancer. The pathological diagnosis was choriocarcinoma with seminoma. Sequential computerized tomography examinations revealed rapidly progressing bulky liver metastases and a lung metastasis. Chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin (BEP) was started on the day of admission. Subsequently, the patient suffered from tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) and massive haemorrhage at metastatic sites. The latter complication is also called choriocarcinoma syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of testicular cancer complicated with both critical conditions. Intensive care and radiological intervention barely prevented a fatal outcome. The urological oncologist should be aware of the potential complications TLS and choriocarcinoma syndrome in cases of rapidly progressive and high-volume choriocarcinoma.

[Saphenous vein grafting for Peyronie's disease: a case report].

We present a case of Peyronie's disease in a 50-year-old male with a progressive, painful induration (3 x 2 x 0.5 cm) in the dorsal region of the penis. In order to correct the high degree of penile curvature, we made a venous patch graft from the saphenous vein under general anesthesia and straightened the penis. Six months after the operation, a recurrent induration was observed in the proximal region of the penis, and the penis became slightly shortened.