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Background: Because of the scarcity, high cost, and severe side effects of current medications, it is necessary to discover novel, safe, and affordable anti-diabetic drugs. The current study was conducted to evaluate the antidiabetic activities of Verbascum sinaiticum Benth leaves in mice. Methods: Leaf coarse powder was extracted with 80% methanol and then fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and distilled water. The glucose-lowering effects of V. sinaiticum at 100, 200, and 400mg/kg were then studied. Glibenclamide was used as a positive control at a dose of 5 mg/kg. For oral glucose tolerance tests and hypoglycemia tests, Tween 2% was used as a negative control, while citrate buffer was used as a negative control for antihyperglycemic investigations. The results from the study were evaluated using one-way ANOVA, and then Tukey's post hoc multiple comparison test was performed. Results: Blood glucose levels were significantly reduced by the V. sinaiticum 80% methanol extract at 400 mg/kg (p<0.05). The blood glucose levels were significantly lowered by the aqueous residue at 400 mg/kg (p<0.05) and the ethyl acetate fractions at 200 mg/kg (p<0.01) and 400 mg/kg (p<0.001); however, none of the fraction extracts resulted in hypoglycemic shock in healthy mice. Higher glucose tolerance was seen in orally glucose-loaded mice after exposure to 80% methanol extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg (p<0.05), the aqueous residual fraction at 200 mg/kg (p<0.01), and the ethyl acetate fraction at 200 and 400 mg/kg (p<0.05). The ethyl acetate fraction at 200 and 400 mg/kg (p<0.01), the 80% methanol extract at 400 mg/kg (p<0.05) and the aqueous residue at 400 mg/kg (p 0.01) significantly lowered blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of V. sinaiticum Benth leaves are endowed with antidiabetic activity.
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Background: The Dopamine-2 receptor agonists, Bromocriptine and Cabergoline, were originally introduced for prolactinomas, pituitary tumors, and parkinson's disease but have glucose-lowering effects. This paper systematically reviewed the significance of their effects on lowering blood glucose level and conducted a comprehensive systematic search to identify relevant clinical trials of dopamine 2 agonists on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood sugar (FBS). Method: We conducted a systematic review search in the databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Registers, and Citations) until November 30, 2022, using the PRISMA 2020 statement. The Oxford quality score (Jadad score) was used to assess the study's quality. The present study protocol was registered on the PROSPERO database with ID: CRD42023389582. The study included studies with full abstracts, predefined doses, clear interventions, and blood glucose measurements. Result: Data were synthesized from 23 clinical studies that recruited 6125 study subjects. The pooled effect analysis of the clinical trials revealed that dopamine 2 agonists improved HbA1c [SMD = -1.26; 95% CI (-1.60, -0.93), P < .00001], and FBS [SMD = -1.84; 95% CI (-2.61, -1.07), P < .00001]. Each drug's pooled effect analysis indicates bromocriptine significantly improved HbA1c [SMD = -1.25; 95% CI (-1.64, -0.87), P < .00001] and FBS [SMD = -1.90; 95% CI (-2.79, -1.01), P < .00001] and similarly, cabergoline significantly improved HbA1c [SMD = -1.29; 95% CI (-1.96, -0.62), P < .00001] and FBS [SMD = -1.62; 95% CI (-2.82, -0.41), P < .00001]. The pooled and individual analyses demonstrated that dopamine 2 agonists have a significant ability to lower blood glucose levels in clinical studies. Conclusion: This study shows that dopamine 2 agonists significantly lowered FBS and HbA1c levels without causing severe negative effects. Even though the results are promising, additional research is necessary to establish the appropriate antihyperglycemic dosage, frequency of daily use, side effects, and potential product interactions when employing dopamine 2 receptor agonists for their antihyperglycemic effect.
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Background: Even though it is a protective reaction, inflammation continues to be one of the most challenging medical disorders. The current conventional anti-inflammatory drugs have many undesirable health effects and are in need of newer drugs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of an aqueous methanol crude extract of Premna schimperi leaves. Methods: Premna schimperi leaf was extracted with 80% methanol and concentrated; the concentrated extract was used to evaluate the acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory effects. For the acute toxicity study, a single dose of Premna schimperi extract at a dose of 2000 mg/kg was administered and observed for 14 days. Acute, sub-acute, and chronic anti-inflammatory models were employed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract compared to the standard drug. Data were analyzed with SPSS V. 27, and the significance was established with a one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Tukey's test. Results: Acute oral toxicity testing at a dose of 2000 mg/kg did not show any sign of toxicity. According to the phytochemical study, the plants contained flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, phenolics, and anthraquinones. The extract doses of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg of extracts effectively (p<0.001) reduced paw edema in the acute and sub-acute models of inflammation. When compared to the negative control group, all tested doses in the chronic model significantly (p<0.05) decreased the production of exudates and the amount of granuloma tissue. Conclusion: Premna schimperi displayed significant anti-inflammatory activity. The tested doses inhibit the formation of edema, granulomas, and exudates.
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Background: Olinia rochetiana has been used traditionally to cure diarrheal disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the acute toxicity and antidiarrheal effect of O. rochetiana leaf extracts. Methods: Cold maceration was used to extract plant leaf powder with 80% methanol. The extract's antidiarrheal action was tested against a castor oil-induced diarrheal model, a charcoal meal test, and enteropooling tests at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Negative controls received the vehicle at 10 mL/kg, while positive controls received loperamide at 3 mg/kg. Results: From the study, no apparent toxicity was observed when a single dose of 2000 mg/kg was administered. In the castor oil-induced model, the extract delayed the onset of diarrhea, reduced stool frequency, and decreased wet feces weight and number in a dose-dependent manner at 200 mg/kg (p < 0.05) and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.01). The percent reduction in moist feces at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg was 54.2, 23.97, and 18.26%, respectively, indicating a significant dose-dependent decrease. In a charcoal meal test, the extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg revealed a peristaltic index of 65 and 46%, respectively, with considerable inhibition of charcoal transport at 23 and 39%. The weight and volume of intestinal contents dropped significantly at a dose of 400 mg/kg (p < 0.01), which is 0.43 mg/kg, in the enteropooling test when compared with the tested dose. The computed in vivo antidiarrheal index revealed diarrheal inhibition values of 46.06 and 71.06% at 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion: In the current investigation, O. rochetiana showed significant antidiarrheal activity with no symptoms of toxicity in mice.
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BACKGROUND: Patient satisfaction is a widely used indicator to measure quality of pharmacy services. Currently, a transformational pharmacy service called auditable pharmaceutical transactions and services is being implemented nationally in Ethiopia. However, there is a dearth of evidence regarding the national impact of this system on patient satisfaction. OBJECTIVE: To assess patient satisfaction in hospital pharmacies that have implemented auditable pharmaceutical transactions and services in Ethiopia. METHOD: This is a national study conducted based on a cross-sectional study design. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from September 5 to October 5, 2020. The collected data was analyzed using spreadsheet excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The proportions, ratios, and percentages were used for presenting data. A binary logistic regression test was used to determine the association of patient satisfaction with dispensary infrastructure, medicines availability, scores of labeling, and scores of patient knowledge on dispensed medicines. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULT: A total of 650 participants were included in this study for whom a total of 1422 medicines were prescribed which gives an average of 2.19 medicine per patient. The availability of the prescribed medicines in the pharmacies was 1061 (75%), and the affordability of medicines was 1.93 WD that indicates an unaffordable price. The average written medication labels score of 3.1 out of 8 points and the average patient knowledge score for correct usage of medicines was 4.5 out of 6 points. Overall, 585 (90%) of patients reported being satisfied with pharmacy services; the counseling skill of pharmacists 609 (93.7%), and dispensing area 607 (93.4%) cited the most. The only significantly associated factor for satisfaction was the infrastructure of the pharmacy. CONCLUSION: Overall satisfaction of patients with the auditable pharmaceutical transactions and services implemented in hospital pharmacy services was generally high. The participants were most satisfied with the pharmacist counseling and dispensary area. The medication availability is moderate but the cost is unaffordable. Advanced infrastructures have resulted in a significant improvement in patient satisfaction.
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BACKGROUND: Malaria is one of the most life-threatening health problems worldwide and treatment has been compromised by drug resistance. Identifying lead molecules from natural products might help to find better anti-malarial drugs, since those obtained from natural sources are still effective against malarial parasites. This study aimed at investigating the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of crude extract of the leaves of Ajuga remota together with its safety in mice models. METHODS: In vivo parasite growth inhibitory effect of crude extract was assessed in mice inoculated with Plasmodium berghei (ANKA strain). The in vivo antiplasmodial activity of the test extract was performed against early infection (4-day suppressive test), curative effect against established infection and prophylactic effect against residual infection. Acute and sub-acute toxicity were carried out according to OECD guidelines. RESULTS: In vivo parasite growth inhibition effect of hydroethanolic crude extract of A. remota was evaluated at 30, 50 and 100 mg/kg dose levels. It suppressed parasitaemia by 77.34% at 100 mg/kg dose level in the 4-day test. In curative and prophylactic potential tests, it suppressed parasitaemia by 66.67 and 59.66% at 100 mg/kg dose level, respectively. In vivo toxicity tests revealed no toxicity. All parasitaemia suppressions were statistically significant at P < 0.05 as compared to the vehicle-treated group. The crude extract also prolonged survival time in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: The investigation results suggest that the leave extract of Ajuga remota possesses antimalarial activity.
