RESUMO
Of the 419 laboratory-bred cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in a breeding colony at our institution, 397 (95%) exhibited antibodies or viral RNA (or both) specific for simian betaretrovirus (SRV) in plasma. Pregnant monkeys (n= 95) and their offspring were tested to evaluate maternal-infant infection with SRV. At parturition, the first group of pregnant monkeys (n = 76) was antibody-positive but RNA-negative, the second group (n = 14 monkeys) was positive for both antibody and RNA, and the last group (n = 5) was antibody-negative but RNA-positive. None of the offspring delivered from the 76 antibody-positive/RNA-negative mothers exhibited viremia at birth. Eight of the offspring (including two newborns delivered by caesarian section) from the 14 dually positive mothers exhibited SRV viremia, whereas the remaining 6 newborns from this group were not viremic. All of the offspring (including 2 newborns delivered by caesarian section) of the 5 antibody-negative/RNA-positive mothers exhibited viremia at birth. One neonatal monkey delivered by CS and two naturally delivered monkeys that were viremic at birth remained viremic at 1 to 6 mo of age and lacked SRV antibodies at weaning. Family analysis of 2 viremic mothers revealed that all 7 of their offspring exhibited SRV viremia, 6 of which were also antibody-negative. The present study demonstrates the occurrence of transplacental infection of SRV in viremic dams and infection of SRV in utero to induce immune tolerance in infant monkeys.
Assuntos
Betaretrovirus/patogenicidade , Animais , Betaretrovirus/genética , Betaretrovirus/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Gravidez , RNA Viral/genética , ViremiaRESUMO
Two simian Entamoeba histolytica-like strains, EHMfas1 and P19-061405, have been suggested to represent a new species based on genetic characterization. Sequence analyses of the hexokinase, glucose phosphate isomerase, and phosphoglucomutase genes supported the previous findings of isoenzyme analyses demonstrating a new zymodeme pattern. Phylogenetic studies of 18S rDNA, 5.8S rDNA, the chaperonin 60 gene, and the pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase gene showed original clusters of simian E. histolytica-like strains below or near E. histolytica, respectively. Comparative studies of the chitinase and the serine-rich E. histolytica protein genes and locus 1-2 region revealed that most mutated units were shared among the simian E. histolytica-like strains. The similarities of each of the repeating units within the simian E. histolytica-like strains or E. histolytica and the differences of those between the both might be generated by concerted evolution. Our results indicate that EHMfas1 and P19-061405 should be considered to be the same species, despite that they were isolated from different monkey species and different habitats. Simian E. histolytica-like amebas may be endemic to macaque monkeys, as a counterpart to E. histolytica in humans, and should be differentiated from E. histolytica by the revival name Entamoeba nuttalli, as proposed for P19-061405.
Assuntos
Entamoeba/classificação , Entamoeba/genética , Entamebíase/veterinária , Haplorrinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Macacos/parasitologia , Animais , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA de Protozoário/química , DNA de Protozoário/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Entamoeba/isolamento & purificação , Genótipo , Glucose-6-Fosfato Isomerase/genética , Hexoquinase/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fosfoglucomutase/genética , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , RNA Ribossômico 5,8S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Three protein-coding loci in DNA of an Entamoeba histolytica strain (EHMfas1) isolated from cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) were sequenced; these loci corresponded to the genes for chitinase, the serine-rich E. histolytica protein (SREHP), and the 16 S-like small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S-like SSUrRNA). The nucleotide and deduced amino-acid sequences of chitinase and SREHP were compared with sequences from human isolates. EHMfas1 had several specific mutations in units in the polymorphic regions of the chitinase and SREHP loci, with some repetition of these mutated units. The sequence of the 16S-like SSUrRNA gene (16S-like SSUrDNA) was compared with other Entamoeba species. In phylogenetic analysis, EHMfas1 was not categorized in the E. histolytica cluster but between E. histolytica and E. dispar. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular characterization of E. histolytica isolated from cynomolgus monkey, and our results indicate that EHMfas1 may be a subspecies of E. histolytica that infects cynomolgus monkey.
Assuntos
DNA de Protozoário/isolamento & purificação , Entamoeba histolytica/isolamento & purificação , Entamebíase/parasitologia , Macaca fascicularis/parasitologia , Doenças dos Macacos/parasitologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Quitinases/genética , DNA de Protozoário/análise , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Entamoeba histolytica/genética , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
We previously reported the isolation of a novel subtype of SRV/D-Tsukuba (SRV/D-T) from two cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca facicularis) in the breeding colony of Tsukuba Primate Research Center (TPRC). We surveyed for SRV/D infection in the TPRC cynomolgus colony using SRV/D-specific PCR primer sets designed based on the entire gag region sequence. The only SRV/D subtype detected in the colony was SRV/D-T with a positive infection rate of 22.4% (n = 49). It has been reported that the mode of transmission of SRV/D is via contact with virus shed in the body fluids. In this report, to investigate the infection route of SRV/D-T in monkeys at TPRC, we performed virus isolation and PCR for detection of the SRV/D genome from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasma, saliva, urine, and feces. Virus isolation and PCR detection were positive in plasma, saliva, urine, and fecal samples from all monkeys on which virus was isolated from PBMCs. This suggests that the spread of SRV/D-T infection in TPRC is via contact with virus shed in saliva, urine, and/or feces. Also, comparison of sequences of gp70 on multiple SRV/D-T isolates revealed that there was little intra- and inter-monkey variation, suggesting that SRV/D-T is fairly stable.
Assuntos
Líquidos Corporais/virologia , Glicoproteínas/sangue , Glicoproteínas/urina , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/sangue , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/urina , Retrovirus dos Símios/fisiologia , Proteínas Virais/sangue , Proteínas Virais/urina , Eliminação de Partículas Virais/fisiologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Fezes/virologia , Feminino , Glicoproteínas/genética , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Infecções por Retroviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Retroviridae/virologia , Retrovirus dos Símios/classificação , Retrovirus dos Símios/isolamento & purificação , Saliva/virologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/transmissão , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/virologia , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
Three hundred and three stool samples of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) imported from China and the Philippines were examined for Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar infections. Microscopy detected E. histolytica/E. dispar cysts in 41 samples. Positive rates were higher in the monkeys from China (37.5%) than in the monkeys from the Philippines (3.7%). PCR analysis of 25 samples successfully cultured from the cysts demonstrated that 24 were E. dispar, one of the samples from China was E. histolytica. The one sample was also identified as E. histolytica by an antigen detection kit, although the monkey was asymptomatic and serology was negative. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. histolytica isolation from cynomolgus monkeys based on the discrimination between E. histolytica and E. dispar.
