Virtual Interviews for Surgical Fellowship are an Acceptable Alternative to In-Person Interviews for Applicants and Faculty Alike.

Background: In-person interviews have traditionally been an integral part of the fellowship application process to allow faculty and applicants to interact and evaluate the intangible aspects of the matching process. COVID-19 has forced a transition away from in-person interviews to a virtual platform. This study sought to track faculty and applicant perspectives on this transition. Study Design: Prospectively collected survey data was obtained from all participants after each of 3 consecutive virtual interview days for minimally invasive surgery fellowship at a single academic institution. Results: One hundred percent (27/27 applicants and 9/9 faculty) of interview participants completed the survey. Cost (100% applicants, 77.8% faculty) was perceived as the greatest barrier to in-person interviews, and "inability to get a feel for the program/applicant" was the largest concern for virtual interviews (66.7% applicants, 88.9% faculty). After interviews, most participants strongly agreed that they were able to assess education (66.7% applicants, 77.8% faculty), clinical experience (70.4% applicants, 77.8% faculty), and research potential (70.4% applicants, 88.9% faculty) through the virtual platform. Only 44.4% of each group strongly agreed that they could assess "overall fit" equally as well. Most faculty (6/9, 66.7%), but fewer applicants (10/27, 37.0%), were willing to completely eliminate in-person interviews. Conclusion: Virtual interviews may be an acceptable alternative to in-person interviews in times of COVID-19 and beyond. Offering a virtual format may help to eliminate costs associated with in-person visits while adequately assessing the fit of a program for both applicants and faculty, though applicants still desire an in-person option.

Clinical spotlight review for the management of choledocholithiasis.

Choledocholithiasis is a common presentation of symptomatic cholelithiasis that can result in biliary obstruction, cholangitis, and pancreatitis. A systematic English literature search was conducted in PubMed to determine the appropriate management strategies for choledocholithiasis. The following clinical spotlight review is meant to critically review the available evidence and provide recommendations for the work-up, investigations as well as the endoscopic, surgical and percutaneous techniques in the management of choledocholithiasis.

Surgeon-performed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Outcomes of 2392 procedures at two tertiary care centers.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a common procedure that, in the United States, is traditionally performed by gastroenterologists. We hypothesized that when performed by well-trained surgeons, ERCP can be performed safely and effectively. The objectives of the study were to assess the rate of successful cannulation of the duct of interest and to assess the 30-day complication and mortality rates. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 1858 patients who underwent 2392 ERCP procedures performed by five surgeons between August 2003 and June 2016 in two centers. Demographic and historical data, indications, procedure-related data and 30-day complication and mortality data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age was 53.4 (range 7-102) years and 1046 (56.3%) were female. 1430 (59.8%) of ERCP procedures involved a surgical endoscopy fellow. The most common indication was suspected or established uncomplicated common bile duct stones (n = 1470, 61.5%), followed by management of an existing biliary or pancreatic stent (n = 370, 15.5%) and acute biliary pancreatitis (n = 173, 7.2%). A therapeutic intervention was performed in 1564 (65.4%), a standard sphincterotomy in 1244 (52.0%), stent placement in 705 (29.5%) and stone removal in 638 (26.7%). When cannulation was attempted, the rate of successful cannulation was 94.1%. When cannulation was attempted during the patient's first ERCP the cannulation rate was 92.4%. 94 complications occurred (5.4%); the most common complication was post-ERCP pancreatitis in 75 (4.2%), significant gastrointestinal bleeding in 7 (0.4%), ascending cholangitis in 11 (0.6%) and perforation in 1 (0.05%). 11 mortalities occurred (0.5%) but none of which were ERCP-related. CONCLUSION: When performed by well-trained surgical endoscopists, ERCP is associated with high success rate and acceptable complication rates consistent with previously published reports and in line with societal guidelines.

Incidence of abdominal wall metastases following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement in patients with head and neck cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes are an effective modality for enteral nutrition in patients with head and neck cancer; however, there have been documented case reports of "seeding" of the abdominal wall by the theoretic risk of dragging the tube along the tumor during PEG placement. The objective of this study is to determine the incidence and contributing risk factors leading to metastasis to the abdominal wall following PEG placement in patients with head and neck cancer. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients diagnosed with head and neck malignancy who underwent PEG placement between 1/5/2009 and 12/22/2014. Variables collected included development of abdominal wall metastases, type of malignancy and tumor characteristics, smoking history, PEG placement technique, and survival following recurrence. Data were then analyzed for overall trends. RESULTS: Out of 777 patients analyzed, a total of five patients with head and neck malignancy were identified with abdominal wall metastasis following PEG tube placement with an overall incidence of 0.64% over an average follow-up of 27.55 months. All of these patients underwent PEG tube insertion via a Pull technique. One patient was found to have a clinically evident and symptomatic stomal metastasis, while the other four patients had radiologically detected metastases either on CT or PET scan. All of the identified patients were found to have stage IV oral cancer at time of initial diagnosis of their head and neck malignancy, followed by widespread distant metastatic disease at time of presentation with their PEG site stomal metastasis. CONCLUSION: Abdominal wall metastases following PEG placement are a rare but serious complication in patients with head and neck malignancy.

A retrospective comparison of robotic cholecystectomy versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy: operative outcomes and cost analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Robotic-assisted surgery is gaining popularity in general surgery. Our objective was to evaluate and compare operative outcomes and total costs for robotic cholecystectomy (RC) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A retrospective review was performed for all patients who underwent single-procedure RC and LC from January 2011 to July 2015 by a single surgeon at a large academic medical center. Demographics, diagnosis, perioperative variables, postoperative complications, 30-day readmissions, and operative and hospital costs were collected and analyzed between those patient groups. RESULTS: A total of 237 patients underwent RC or LC, and comprised the study population. Ninety-seven patients (40.9 %) underwent LC, and 140 patients (50.1 %) underwent RC. Patients who underwent RC had a higher body mass index (p = 0.03), lower rates of coronary artery disease (p < 0.01), and higher rates of chronic cholecystitis (p < 0.01). There were lower rates of intraoperative cholangiography (p < 0.01) and conversion to an open procedure (p < 0.01), however longer operative times (p < 0.01) for patients in the RC group. There were no bile duct injuries in either group, no difference in bile leak rates (p = 0.65), or need for reoperation (p = 1.000). Cost analysis of outpatient-only procedures, excluding cases with conversion to open or use of intraoperative cholangiography, demonstrated higher total charges (p < 0.01) and cost (p < 0.01) and lower revenue (p < 0.01) for RC compared to LC, with no difference in total payments (p = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS: Robotic cholecystectomy appears to be safe although costlier in comparison with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Further studies are needed to understand the long-term implications of robotic technology, the cost to the health care system, and its role in minimally invasive surgery.

Bioabsorbable hernia plugs in laparoscopic inguinal herniorraphy: short-term and long-term results.

PURPOSE: To report our short-term and long-term experience with laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (LIHR) using a bioabsorbable plug. METHODS: Patients who underwent LIHR from 2009 to 2011 using a bioabsorbable plug and synthetic mesh patch were reviewed retrospectively. Short-term follow-up information was obtained within 30 days of surgery, whereas long-term follow-up was obtained in 2014. Quality of life was assessed using the Carolinas Comfort Scale. RESULTS: Forty-four patients (43 male), including 6 (13.6%) with recurrent disease, underwent 52 LIHR with a bioabsorbable plug. Mean age and body mass index were 60.9 ± 10.5 years and 27.9 ± 4.7 kg/m, respectively. Among 39 (88.6%) patients available for short-term follow-up, early postoperative complications were seen in 10 (25.6%) patients, all of which resolved spontaneously. Mean long-term follow-up duration was 41.6 ± 4.1 months, among 30 (68.2%) patients (40 hernia repairs). There were 2 (5%) hernia recurrences, with 1 requiring a reoperation 12 months after initial repair. Only 2 (6.7%) patients reported moderate or bothersome chronic pain. CONCLUSIONS: Bioabsorbable plug combined with a synthetic mesh is safe and effective for use during LIHR. The technique offers an acceptable incidence of chronic pain and recurrence.

Near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography facilitates identification of biliary anatomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is the current gold standard for biliary imaging during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). However, utilization of IOC remains low. Near-infrared fluorescence cholangiography (NIRF-C) is a novel, noninvasive method for real-time, intraoperative biliary mapping. Our aims were to assess the safety and efficacy of NIRF-C for identification of biliary anatomy during LC. METHODS: Patients were administered indocyanine green (ICG) prior to surgery. NIRF-C was used to identify extrahepatic biliary structures before and after partial and complete dissection of Calot's triangle. Routine IOC was performed in each case. Identification of biliary structures using NIRF-C and IOC, and time required to complete each procedure were collected. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients underwent elective LC with NIRF-C and IOC. Mean age and body mass index (BMI) were 42.6 ± 13.7 years and 31.5 ± 8.2 kg/m(2), respectively. ICG was administered 73.8 ± 26.4 min prior to incision. NIRF-C was significantly faster than IOC (1.9 ± 1.7 vs. 11.8 ± 5.3 min, p < 0.001). IOC was unobtainable in 20 (24.4 %) patients while NIRF-C did not visualize biliary structures in 4 (4.9 %) patients. After complete dissection, the rates of visualization of the cystic duct, common bile duct, and common hepatic duct using NIRF-C were 95.1, 76.8, and 69.5 %, respectively, compared to 72.0, 75.6, and 74.3 % for IOC. In 20 patients where IOC could not be obtained, NIRF-C successfully identified biliary structures in 80 % of the cases. Higher BMI was not a deterrent to visualization of anatomy with NIRF-C. No adverse events were observed with NIRF-C. CONCLUSIONS: NIRF-C is a safe and effective alternative to IOC for imaging extrahepatic biliary structures during LC. This technique should be evaluated further under a variety of acute and chronic gallbladder inflammatory conditions to determine its usefulness in biliary ductal identification.

Current national practice patterns for inpatient management of ventral abdominal wall hernia in the United States.

BACKGROUND: The health-care burden related to ventral hernia management is substantial, with more than 3 billion dollars in expenditures annually in the US. Previous studies have suggested that the utilization of laparoscopic repair remains relatively low although national volume estimates have not been reported. We sought to estimate the inpatient national volume of elective ventral hernia surgery and characterize the proportion of laparoscopic versus open operations. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample to identify adults with a diagnosis of an umbilical, incisional, or ventral hernia who underwent an elective inpatient repair between 2009 and 2010. Cases that involved other major abdominal or pelvic operations were excluded. Covariates included patient demographics, surgical approach, and use of mesh. National surgical volume estimates were generated and length of stay and total hospital charges were compared for laparoscopic versus open repairs. RESULTS: A total of 112,070 ventral hernia repairs were included in the analysis: 72.1 % (n = 80,793) were incisional hernia repairs, while umbilical hernia repairs comprised only 6.9 % (n = 7,788). Laparoscopy was utilized in 26.6 % (n = 29,870) of cases. Mesh was placed in 85.8 % (n = 96,265) of cases, including 49.3 % (n = 3,841) of umbilical hernia repairs and 90.1 % (n = 72,973) of incisional hernia repairs. Length of stay and total hospital charges were significantly lower for laparoscopic umbilical, incisional, and "other" ventral hernia repairs (p values all <0.001). Total hospital charges during this 2-year period approached 4 billion dollars ($746 million for laparoscopic repair; $3 billion for open repair). CONCLUSIONS: Utilization of laparoscopy for elective abdominal wall hernia repair remains relatively low in the US despite its excellent outcomes. Given the substantial financial burden associated with these hernias, future research focused on preventing the development and optimizing the surgical treatment of ventral abdominal wall hernias is warranted.

Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair: does primary repair in addition to placement of mesh decrease recurrence?

BACKGROUND: The advent of laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR) not only reduced the morbidity associated with open repair but also led to a decrease in the hernia recurrence rate. However, the rate continues to remain significant. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 193 patients who were treated with LVHR by two minimally invasive surgeons in a 24-month period. The patient population was broadly divided into two groups based on the laparoscopic repair of the fascial defect with mesh underlay, or with primary suture repair and mesh underlay (PSR + MU). Patient demographics, rates of hernia recurrence, and other associated complications were compared between the two groups. Patient variables and the clinical outcomes were analyzed with descriptive statistics and chi-square test. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-three consecutive patients underwent LVHR for incisional (n = 136), umbilical (n = 44), epigastric (n = 9), and parastomal (n = 4) hernia. Hernia recurrence was documented in eight patients (4.1%). The mean follow-up period was 10.5 months (range 1-36 months). Incisional hernias accounted for all eight recurrences. The rate of recurrence in those treated with PSR + MU was 3% (two of 67 cases) in comparison with 4.8% (six of 126 patients) associated with mesh alone. The rate of recurrence in the recurrent hernia group, treated with mesh only, was 10.5% (four of 38 patients) compared with 4.8% (one of 21 patients) in the PSR + MU group. CONCLUSIONS: Primary laparoscopic repair along with mesh placement for the management of ventral hernia was found to be effective in selected cases as evidenced by the low rate of recurrence when compared with conventional laparoscopic repair with mesh alone. Further retrospective and prospective studies, with larger patient enrollment, are warranted to confirm the benefit of this technique over traditional repair.

Novel reconstruction of the extrahepatic biliary tree with a biosynthetic absorbable graft.

OBJECTIVES: The reference standard technique for the reconstruction of the extrahepatic biliary tree is Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. This procedure is not without complications and may not be feasible in some patients. This project sought to evaluate a novel approach for repairing common bile duct injuries with a biosynthetic graft. This allows for the reconstruction of the anatomy without necessitating an intestinal bypass. METHODS: Study subjects were 11 mongrel hounds. Utilizing an open approach, the common bile duct was transected in each animal. A 1-cm graft of a synthetic bioabsorbable prosthesis was interposed over a 5-Fr pancreatic stent and sewn in place as an interposition tube graft with absorbable sutures. Intraoperative cholangiograms and monthly liver function tests were completed. Animals were killed at 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 months. RESULTS: The first five animals were killed early in the process of protocol development. One animal developed obstructive symptoms and was killed on postoperative day 14. The next five animals were longterm survivors without evidence of clinically significant graft stenosis. Mean alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin were normal, at 140 U/l and 0.2 mg/dl, respectively. Histology showed the complete replacement of the graft with native tissue at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Biliary reconstruction using a synthetic bioabsorbable prosthetic as an interposition tube graft is feasible based on initial results.

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in patients with body mass index >70 kg/m2.

BACKGROUND: Sparse published data support the optimal surgical management of megaobesity (body mass index >70 kg/m(2)). The purpose of the present study was to compare laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (ORYGB) in megaobese patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 89 consecutive patients with a body mass index >70 kg/m(2) who underwent LRYGB or ORYGB from January 2003 to May 2007 at the Ohio State University Medical Center. RESULTS: LRYGB was performed in 37 patients, with 3 conversions to open surgery, and 52 underwent ORYGB. No statistically significant demographic or preoperative co-morbidity differences were discerned. The mean intraoperative blood loss was lower in the LRYGB group (54 mL versus 211 mL; P < .0001). The median length of stay for both LRYGB and ORYGB groups was 4 days. One patient in the open group died. The postoperative complications were statistically equivalent between the 2 groups. The hernia rate for the LRYGB group was 3% and was 19% in the ORYGB group (P = .02). The patients who underwent LRYGB had greater excess body weight loss at 3 (22.7% versus 17.5%, P = .02) and 6 (37.5% versus 30.5%, P = .03) months. However, the average excess body weight loss at 12 and 24 months was similar (48% and 60%, respectively). CONCLUSION: LRYGB is a technically feasible and safe surgical approach in the megaobese. The intraoperative blood loss was less with LRYGB than with ORYGB. The overall mortality and complications were not different, with the exception of hernia frequency, which was significantly greater after ORYGB. The percentage of excess body weight loss at 3 and 6 months was better for the LRYGB group. In both groups of patients, the 12- and 24-month excess body weight loss were similar.

A comparison of outcomes between open and laparoscopic surgical repair of recurrent inguinal hernias.

BACKGROUND: Inguinal hernia recurrence after surgical repair is a major concern. The authors report their experience with open and laparoscopic repair of recurrent inguinal hernias. METHODS: After institutional review board approval, a retrospective review was performed with the charts of 197 patients who had undergone surgical repair of recurrent inguinal hernias from January 2000 through August 2009, and the data for 172 patients who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Surgical variables and clinical outcomes were compared using Student's t test, the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square, and Fisher's exact test as appropriate. RESULTS: The review showed that 172 patients had undergone either open mesh repair (n=61) or laparoscopic mesh repair (n=111) for recurrent inguinal hernias. Postoperative complications were experienced by 8 patients in the open group and 17 patients in laparoscopic group (p=0.70). Five patients (8.2%) in the open group and four patients (3.6%) in the laparoscopic group had re-recurrent inguinal hernias (p=0.28). Four patients in the open group (9.5%) and no patients in the laparoscopic group had recurrence during long-term follow-up evaluation (p=0.046). In the laparoscopic group, 76 patients (68.5%) underwent total extraperitoneal (TEP) repair, and 35 patients (31.5%) had transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair. Postoperative complications were experienced by 13 patients in the TEP group and 4 patients in the TAPP group (p=0.44). Two patients (2.6%) in the TEP group and two patients (5.7%) in the TAPP group had re-recurrent inguinal hernias (p=0.59). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective review showed no statistical difference in the re-recurrence rate between the two techniques during short-term follow-up evaluation. However, the laparoscopic technique had a significantly lower re-recurrence rate than the open technique during long-term follow-up evaluation. Both procedures were comparable in terms of intra- and postoperative complications. Among laparoscopic techniques, TEP and TAPP repair are acceptable methods for the repair of recurrent inguinal hernia. A multicenter prospective randomized control trial is needed to confirm the findings of this study.

A review of 130 humans enrolled in transgastric NOTES protocols at a single institution.

BACKGROUND: The methodology of Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) has been validated in both human and animal models. Herein is a discussion of our experience gained from the initial 130 patients enrolled in transgastric pre-NOTES and NOTES protocols at our institution. METHODS: A retrospective review of our research database was performed for all patients enrolled in NOTES protocols. The infectious risk of a gastrotomy with and without a NOTES procedure was assessed in 100 patients. Eighty patients completed a true NOTES protocol looking at staging, access, and insufflation with select patients evaluating the potential for bacterial contamination of the abdominal compartment. RESULTS: A total of 130 patients have completed pre-NOTES and NOTES protocols at our institution. We observed no clinically significant contamination of the abdomen secondary to transgastric procedures in 100 patients. Diagnostic transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy (DTEP) was completed in 20 patients with pancreatic head masses and found to have a 95% concordance with laparoscopic exploration for assessment of peritoneal metastases. Blind endoscopic gastrotomy and DTEP were evaluated in 40 patients who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedures (LSRYGB) and were found to be safe, reliable, and without a clinically significant risk of contamination. Endoscopic peritoneal insufflation was successfully established and correlated with standard laparoscopic insufflation in 20 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Transgastric NOTES is a safe alternative approach to accessing the peritoneal cavity in humans. The risk of bacterial contamination secondary to peroral and transgastric access is clinically insignificant. A device for the facile closure of the gastric defect is the sole factor limiting institution of this methodology as a standalone technique.

Safe alternative transgastric peritoneal access in humans: NOTES.

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy has been used to evaluate the abdomen. We present our experience with transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy (TEP) to access the peritoneum, direct trocar placement, and perform adhesiolysis without laparoscopic visualization in patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. METHODS: Forty patients participated. There are 2 arms to the study. The initial 20 patients underwent pre-insufflation of the abdomen prior to TEP. The second 20 had no pre-insufflation. Ten patients in each arm had no surgical history. The other 10 had previous intra-abdominal procedures. TEP was performed through a gastrotomy created without laparoscopic visualization. Adhesions were visualized and taken down endoscopically prior to trocar placement. Diagnostic findings, operative times, and clinical course were recorded. RESULTS: Average TEP time was 19 min. Three patients had limited visualization due to intra-abdominal adhesions (2) and omental fat (1). Three of the 20 without and 17 of 20 with a history of intra-abdominal surgery had adhesions visualized endoscopically. Endoscopic adhesiolysis was performed in 1 and 4 patients in these groups respectively. Six occult umbilical hernias, 1 inguinal hernia, and 1 hiatal hernia were noted on endoscopic exploration. There were no complications related to intubation of the stomach, accessing the peritoneum, or endoscopic exploration. CONCLUSION: TEP is a safe and accurate means to access the peritoneum, visualize the abdominal wall, perform adhesiolysis, and direct trocar placement without laparoscopic guidance. Safe and reliable gastric closure remains the sole limitation to its clinical use outside of a protocol necessitating a gastrotomy.

Do gastrotomies require repair after endoscopic transgastric peritoneoscopy? A controlled study.

BACKGROUND: The optimal method for closing gastrotomies after transgastric instrumentation has yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE: To compare gastrotomy closure with endoscopically delivered bioabsorbable plugs with no closure. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled study. SETTING: Animal laboratory. SUBJECTS: Twenty-three dogs undergoing endoscopic transgastric peritoneoscopy between July and August 2007. INTERVENTIONS: Endoscopic anterior wall gastrotomies were performed with balloon dilation to allow passage of the endoscope into the peritoneal cavity. The plug group (n = 12) underwent endoscopic placement of a 4 x 6-cm bioabsorbable mesh plug in the perforation, whereas the no-treatment group (n = 11) did not. Animals underwent necropsy 2 weeks after the procedure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Complications related to gastrotomy closure, gastric burst pressures, relationship of burst perforation to gastrotomy, and the degree of adhesions and inflammation at the gastrotomy site. RESULTS: After the gastrotomy, all dogs survived without any complications. At necropsy, burst pressures were 77 +/- 11 mm Hg and 76 +/- 15 mm Hg (P = .9) in the plug group and no-treatment group, respectively. Perforations occurred at the site of the gastrotomy in 2 of 12 animals in the plug group and in none of the 11 dogs in the no-treatment group (P = .5). Finally, there were minimal adhesions in all dogs (11/11) in the no-treatment group and minimal adhesions in 3 and moderate adhesions or inflammatory masses in 9 of the 12 animals in the plug group (P = .004). LIMITATIONS: Small number of subjects, animal model, no randomization. Gastrotomy trauma during short peritoneoscopy may not be applicable to longer procedures. CONCLUSIONS: After endoscopic gastrotomy, animals that were left untreated did not show any clinical ill effects and demonstrated adequate healing, with fewer adhesions and less inflammation compared with those treated with a bioabsorbable plug.

Diagnostic transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy: extension of the initial human trial for staging of pancreatic head masses.

BACKGROUND: The validity of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) was confirmed in a human trial of 10 patients undergoing diagnostic transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy (DTEP) for staging of pancreatic head masses. This report is an update with 10 additional patients in the series and includes bacterial contamination data. METHODS: The patients in this human trial were scheduled to undergo diagnostic laparoscopy for abdominal staging of a pancreatic head mass. A second surgeon, blinded to the laparoscopic findings, performed a transgastric endoscopic peritoneoscopy (TEP). The findings of laparoscopic exploration were compared with that those of the TEP. Diagnostic findings, operative times, and clinical course were recorded. Bacterial contamination data were collected for the second cohort of 10 patients. Bacterial samples were collected from the scope before use and the abdominal cavity before and after creation of the gastrotomy. Samples were assessed for bacterial counts and species identification. Definitive care was rendered based on the findings from laparoscopy. RESULTS: In this study, 20 patients underwent diagnostic laparoscopy followed by DTEP. The average time for completion of diagnostic laparoscopy was 10 min compared with 21 min for TEP. The experience acquired during the initial 10 procedures translated to a 7-min decrease in TEP time for the second 10 cases. For 19 of the 20 patients, DTEP corroborated laparoscopic findings for surgical decision making. One endoscopic and five laparoscopic biopsies were performed. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed for 14 patients and palliative gastrojejunostomy for 6 patients. No cross-contamination of the peritoneum or infectious complications were noted. No significant complications related to either the endoscopic or laparoscopic approach occurred. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the authors' previous conclusions that the transgastric approach to diagnostic peritoneoscopy is feasible, safe, and accurate. The lack of documented bacterial contamination further supports the use of this technique. Technical issues, including intraabdominal manipulation and gastric closure, require further investigation.

Robotic and laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy: a hybrid approach.

OBJECTIVES: Minimally invasive surgery is beneficial for complex operations; robotics may improve performance in these procedures; however, robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) has been plagued by long operative times. We describe a small series (n = 5) of patients who underwent a hybrid PD for treatment of obstructive jaundice and pancreatic mass. METHODS: After diagnostic laparoscopy, the gallbladder was retracted cephalad and the porta hepatis was dissected. The lesser sac was opened to expose the superior mesenteric vein below the pancreas. Once the vein was cleared, the bile duct, stomach, pancreas, and jejunum were transected. After the uncinate process was cleared, the specimen was removed. The da Vinci S Surgical Robotic System was docked to perform a mucosa-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy and an end-to-side choledochojejunostomy. A stapled gastrojejunostomy and drain placement completed the operation. RESULTS: Five patients underwent hybrid PD between May 2006 and June 2007. All patients had a history of pancreatitis and presented with obstructive jaundice and a pancreatic mass. The operations were completed with 5 ports. The mean operative time was 7 hours. The mean hospital stay was 9.6 days. At 6 months after the operation, all patients were disease-free. CONCLUSIONS: Complex procedures such as PD can be accomplished with minimally invasive surgical techniques using robotic instrumentation.

Complications related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a comprehensive clinical review.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is one of the most commonly performed endoscopic procedures. It provides the treating physician with both diagnostic and therapeutic options. The recent shift towards interventional uses of ERCP is largely due to the emergence of advanced imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and ultrasonography. With over 500,000 ERCP procedures performed yearly in the United States alone, it is important that all medical and surgical practitioners be well versed in indications, contraindications, potential complications, benefits, and alternatives to ERCP. The authors present an in-depth review of ERCP-related complications (pancreatitis, bleeding, perforation, etc) as well as special topics related to ERCP (periprocedural antibiotic use, performance of intraoperative ERCP, performance of ERCP during pregnancy, etc).

Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with splenic conservation: an operation without increased morbidity.

OBJECTIVES: The advent of minimally invasive techniques was marked by a paradigm shift towards the use of laparoscopy for benign distal pancreatic masses. Herein we describe one center's experience with laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for all distal pancreatectomies completed laparoscopically from 1999 to 2009. Outcomes from those cases completed with a concurrent splenectomy were compared to the spleen-preserving procedures. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy. Seven had spleen-conserving operations. There was no difference in the mean estimated blood loss (316 versus 285 mL, P = .5) or operative time (179 versus 170 minutes, P = .9). The mean tumor size was not significantly different (3.1 versus 2.2 cm, P = .9). There was no difference in the average hospital stay (7.1 versus 7.0 days, P = .7). Complications in the spleen-preserving group included one iatrogenic colon injury, two pancreatic fistulas, and two cases of iatrogenic diabetes. In the splenectomy group, two developed respiratory failure, three acquired iatrogenic diabetes, and two suffered pancreatic fistulas (71% versus 41%, P = .4). CONCLUSIONS: The laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy is a safe operation with a low morbidity. Splenic conservation does not significantly increase the morbidity of the procedure.