Hematological changes in dogs fed with Tenebrio molitor larvae meal / Alterações hematológicas em cães alimentados com farinha de larva de Tenebrio molitor

The aim of this study was to evaluate the haematological and biochemical parameters of dogs submitted to different levels of inclusion of mealworm meal (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5%) in their diet. Four adult females aged 5 years, castrated, with an average weight of 15.8 kg were used. A Latin square design was used, with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The base diets were calculated based on the NRC and provided in the proportion of 80% dry food and 20% wet food. The animals were dewormed, clinically evaluated and adapted to the base diet for 10 days prior to the insertion of me. After fitting, blood was collected for evaluation of haematological and biochemical parameters. The experimental period of each treatment was 14 days, with a new blood collection on the 15th day, with the animals in the fasted state. The blood parameters evaluated were blood count and biochemical tests, composed of urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, total proteins and their fractions, glucose, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and immunoglobulin E. The data obtained were subjected to multiple analysis of variance at the 5% significance level. The results showed that none of the mealworm protein inclusion levels showed blood alterations. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of mealworm meal did not harm the health of the animals tested in experiment, showing that it can be an alternative protein source and can be safely included up to a level of 7.5% in dog foods

O estudo objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de cães submetidos à diferentes níveis de inclusão da farinha da larva de Tenebrio molitor (0%, 2,5%, 5% e 7,5%) à sua dieta. Foram utilizadas 4 fêmeas adultas com 5 anos, castradas, peso médio de 15,8kg. Utilizou-se o delineamento em quadrado latino, com 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições. As dietas bases foram calculadas com base no NRC e fornecidas na proporção de 80% de alimento seco e 20% de alimento úmido. Os animais foram desverminados, avaliados clinicamente e adaptados à dieta base por 10 dias que antecederam a inserção da farinha dde Tenebrio. Após a adaptação coletou-se sangue para a avaliação dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos. O período experimental de cada tratamento foi de 14 dias, havendo nova coleta sanguínea no décimo quinto dia, com os animais em jejum. Os parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados foram hemograma, e exames bioquímicos, compostos por ureia, creatinina, alanina aminotransferase, fosfatase alcalina, colesterol, proteínas totais e suas frações, glicose, triglicérides, proteína C reativa, fibrinogênio e imunoglobulina E. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância múltipla a 5% de significância. Os resultados demonstraram que, em nenhum dos níveis de inclusão da proteína de tenébrio houveram alterações sanguíneas. Portanto, concluir-se que o uso da farinha de Tenebrio molitor não apresentou prejuizos a saude dos animais testados neste experimento, evidenciando que pode ser uma fonte proteica alternativa e ser seguramente incluída até o nível de 7,5% em alimentos para cães

Dietary neutral detergent fibre and lignin contents affect intake, digestibility and digesta retention in captive sloths (Bradypus variegatus).

We evaluated food intake, digestibility, digesta retention and digestible energy (DE) intake in four three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus, body mass 2.86 ± 0.10 kg) fed two leaf-based diets containing different neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and lignin contents. Total dry matter intake (DMI), and intake in relation to body mass and metabolic body weight were higher for the mixed diet with lower NDF content based on Pterondon sp. + Inga sp. (47 g day-1 , 16 g kg-1 day-1 and 21 g kg-0.75 day-1 ) compared to the treatment with higher content of NDF from only Cecropia pachystachya leaves (37 g day-1 , 14 g kg-1 day-1 and 18 g kg-0.75 day-1 ). The digestibility of dry matter (dDM) and neutral detergent fibre (dNDF) were higher in the mixed diet (60% and 61% respectively). There was a higher supply of DE and metabolisable energy (ME) on the mixed diet, at 221 and 199 kJ kg-0.75 day-1 , meeting the average energy requirement of 185 kJ ME kg-0.75 day-1 ME estimated for sloths in this study. In contrast, the diet with C. pachystachya generated a deficit of 31 kJ ME kg-0.75 day-1 . There was a correlation between DMI and dNDF (r2 = 0.89), and between dNDF and dDM (r2 = 0.98) across treatments. The mean retention times for a liquid and a particle marker were lower on the mixed diet with the higher intake at 133 h (passage rate = 0.75% h-1 ) and 181 h (0.55% h-1 ), and longer on the single-species diet with lower intake at 204 h (0.49% h-1 ) and 261 h (0.38% h-1 ). The results suggest that it may be beneficial for sloths to be offered a variety of browse from which they can choose low-NDF components. Further, we suggest that these sloths perform 'digesta washing' to increase the microbial yield in the stomach to maximise the digestion of NDF and dry matter.

Macroscopic description of small and large intestine of the sloth Bradypus variegatus

Background: Sloths of the species Bradypus variegatus are mammals with peculiar habits, which feed mostly young leaves of ‘embaúba and occur broadly in Central and South America. This specie has the greatest occurrence in Brazilian Northeast, making it a biological model for several researches in the fields as anatomy, physiology, genetics, pathology, histology and ecology, which provide data to literature in order to benefit maintenance and preservation of these animals. This study aimed to describe unpublished data about small and large intestine anatomy of the sloth Bradypus variegatus, in order to collaborate for knowledge of its digestive processes.Materials, Methods & Results: In order to perform this present research, 10 corpses of specie Bradypus variegatus belonged to the acquis of Anatomy Division, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology (DMFA); Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), with 5 males and 5 females, the study was authorized by Animal Use and Experimentation Ethic Committee license (CEUA-UFRPE), nº 034/2015. All 10 animals used had natural death, were obtained through a donation of CETAS Tangará (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres - Wildlife Screening Center), and located in the city of Recife. Animals were dissected at abdominal and pelvic portion, from a median sagittal incision, followed by lateral folding of skin, muscle and withdrawal of pubis portion for exposition and description of intestines, with analysis of syntopy and measurement of these organs. A relation was observed among external holes of urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. A relation was still observed among intestines and stomach, liver, kidneys, bladder and abdominal cavity wall. Some animals had absence of sigmoid colon, ventral and dorsal descendent colon.[...](AU)

Macroscopic description of small and large intestine of the sloth Bradypus variegatus

Background: Sloths of the species Bradypus variegatus are mammals with peculiar habits, which feed mostly young leaves of ‘embaúba’ and occur broadly in Central and South America. This specie has the greatest occurrence in Brazilian Northeast, making it a biological model for several researches in the fields as anatomy, physiology, genetics, pathology, histology and ecology, which provide data to literature in order to benefit maintenance and preservation of these animals. This study aimed to describe unpublished data about small and large intestine anatomy of the sloth Bradypus variegatus, in order to collaborate for knowledge of its digestive processes.Materials, Methods & Results: In order to perform this present research, 10 corpses of specie Bradypus variegatus belonged to the acquis of Anatomy Division, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology (DMFA); Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), with 5 males and 5 females, the study was authorized by Animal Use and Experimentation Ethic Committee license (CEUA-UFRPE), nº 034/2015. All 10 animals used had natural death, were obtained through a donation of CETAS Tangará (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres - Wildlife Screening Center), and located in the city of Recife. Animals were dissected at abdominal and pelvic portion, from a median sagittal incision, followed by lateral folding of skin, muscle and withdrawal of pubis portion for exposition and description of intestines, with analysis of syntopy and measurement of these organs. A relation was observed among external holes of urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. A relation was still observed among intestines and stomach, liver, kidneys, bladder and abdominal cavity wall. Some animals had absence of sigmoid colon, ventral and dorsal descendent colon.[...]

Indicadores bioquímicos e corporais para avaliação do perfil metabólico e nutricional em ruminantes / Biochemical and body indicators for assessing metabolic profile and nutritional in ruminants

Indicadores bioquímicos são substâncias endógenas que apresentam praticidade na determinação por técnicas analíticas, os quais podem ser identificados em excreções ou no plasma sanguíneo e que podem denotar a ocorrência de fenômenos fisiológicos, metabólicos, nutricionais ou patológicos. A utilização de indicadores bioquímicos para avaliação do status energético, proteico e mineral em ruminantes tem sido uma ferramenta de grande valor para a avaliação nutricional e metabólica. Por perfil metabólico entende-se como um conjunto de predições laboratoriais que vem sendo utilizadas em ciência animal, tanto para avaliação clínica individual, quanto para avaliar o quadro nutricional e metabólico dos rebanhos. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi apresentar a importância dos indicadores bioquímico-sanguíneos (relacionados ao status proteico, energético e mineral), e corporais para uma correta avaliação do perfil metabólico e nutricional em ruminantes. Dentre os indicadores utilizados para a avaliação do status nutricional dos ruminantes, estão a uréia, albumina e as proteínas totais para avaliação protéica e a glicose, o beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), e os ácidos graxos livres (AGL) para avaliação energética. A utilização de indicadores bioquímico-sanguíneos e corporais tem sido de grande relevância para a avaliação do perfil metabólico e nutricional em ruminantes. Este campo de pesquisa tem despertado o interesse de diversos profissionais atualmente, enfocando principalmente as maiores exigências nutricionais associadas com o melhor desempenho produtivo dos animais. Entretanto, ainda faltam estudos para adequação do perfil metabólico aos valores de referências associados às variações de raça, clima, estado fisiológico, sexo e espécie de ruminantes criadas com fins comerciais no Brasil.

Biochemical indicators are endogenous substances that are practical in determination by analytical techniques, which can be identified and quantified in excretions or in the blood or at body organ under study, with the purpose of measuring or estimating in a qualitative or quantitative way, the occurrence of physiological, metabolic, nutritional or pathological phenomena. The use of biochemical indicators to evaluate the energy, protein and mineral status in ruminants has been a valuable tool for nutritional and metabolic evaluation. Metabolic profile is understood as a set of laboratory predictions that has been used in animal science, both for individual clinical evaluation and to evaluate the nutritional and metabolic framework of the herds. The objective of this literature review was to present the importance of biochemical and blood indicators (related to protein, energy and mineral status) and body indicators for a correct evaluation of the metabolic and nutritional profile in ruminants. Among the indicators used to evaluate the nutritional status of ruminants are urea, albumin and total proteins for protein evaluation, and glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and free fatty acids (FFA) for energy assessment. The use of biochemical-blood and body indicators has been of great relevance for the evaluation of the metabolic and nutritional profile in ruminants. This field of research has aroused the interest of several professionals today, focusing mainly on the greater nutritional requirements associated with the better productive performance of the animals. However, there are still no studies to adapt the metabolic profile to the reference values associated with variations in breed, climate, physiological status, sex and species of ruminants managed for commercial purposes in Brazil.

Indicadores bioquímicos e corporais para avaliação do perfil metabólico e nutricional em ruminantes / Biochemical and body indicators for assessing metabolic profile and nutritional in ruminants

Indicadores bioquímicos são substâncias endógenas que apresentam praticidade na determinação por técnicas analíticas, os quais podem ser identificados em excreções ou no plasma sanguíneo e que podem denotar a ocorrência de fenômenos fisiológicos, metabólicos, nutricionais ou patológicos. A utilização de indicadores bioquímicos para avaliação do status energético, proteico e mineral em ruminantes tem sido uma ferramenta de grande valor para a avaliação nutricional e metabólica. Por perfil metabólico entende-se como um conjunto de predições laboratoriais que vem sendo utilizadas em ciência animal, tanto para avaliação clínica individual, quanto para avaliar o quadro nutricional e metabólico dos rebanhos. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi apresentar a importância dos indicadores bioquímico-sanguíneos (relacionados ao status proteico, energético e mineral), e corporais para uma correta avaliação do perfil metabólico e nutricional em ruminantes. Dentre os indicadores utilizados para a avaliação do status nutricional dos ruminantes, estão a uréia, albumina e as proteínas totais para avaliação protéica e a glicose, o beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), e os ácidos graxos livres (AGL) para avaliação energética. A utilização de indicadores bioquímico-sanguíneos e corporais tem sido de grande relevância para a avaliação do perfil metabólico e nutricional em ruminantes. Este campo de pesquisa tem despertado o interesse de diversos profissionais atualmente, enfocando principalmente as maiores exigências nutricionais associadas com o melhor desempenho produtivo dos animais. Entretanto, ainda faltam estudos para adequação do perfil metabólico aos valores de referências associados às variações de raça, clima, estado fisiológico, sexo e espécie de ruminantes criadas com fins comerciais no Brasil.(AU)

Biochemical indicators are endogenous substances that are practical in determination by analytical techniques, which can be identified and quantified in excretions or in the blood or at body organ under study, with the purpose of measuring or estimating in a qualitative or quantitative way, the occurrence of physiological, metabolic, nutritional or pathological phenomena. The use of biochemical indicators to evaluate the energy, protein and mineral status in ruminants has been a valuable tool for nutritional and metabolic evaluation. Metabolic profile is understood as a set of laboratory predictions that has been used in animal science, both for individual clinical evaluation and to evaluate the nutritional and metabolic framework of the herds. The objective of this literature review was to present the importance of biochemical and blood indicators (related to protein, energy and mineral status) and body indicators for a correct evaluation of the metabolic and nutritional profile in ruminants. Among the indicators used to evaluate the nutritional status of ruminants are urea, albumin and total proteins for protein evaluation, and glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and free fatty acids (FFA) for energy assessment. The use of biochemical-blood and body indicators has been of great relevance for the evaluation of the metabolic and nutritional profile in ruminants. This field of research has aroused the interest of several professionals today, focusing mainly on the greater nutritional requirements associated with the better productive performance of the animals. However, there are still no studies to adapt the metabolic profile to the reference values associated with variations in breed, climate, physiological status, sex and species of ruminants managed for commercial purposes in Brazil.(AU)