Terrestriality of Wild Sapajus cay (Illiger, 1815) as Revealed by Camera Traps.

Although primarily arboreal, the capuchin monkey (Sapajus cay) descends to the ground for several reasons. We used terrestrial records obtained by camera-trapping surveys to investigate seasonality in the terrestriality of capuchin monkeys, reasons to descend to the ground, and periods of the day when terrestriality was more pronounced. We carried out the study in the Urucum Massif, Brazilian Pantanal. We obtained data from 2 camera-trapping surveys carried out in the dry and rainy seasons. Terrestrial behaviours were categorized, and terrestrial activity patterns were described using a kernel density approach. We observed a seasonal effect on the frequency of terrestrial behaviours of capuchin monkeys, who used the ground more during the dry season. We identified 6 different types of terrestrial behaviour, but travelling (33.3%), foraging (23.3%), and drinking water (23.3%) were the most frequently observed. All records occurred during the day, with 2 peaks in terrestrial activity. Seasonal terrestriality was mainly linked to ecological needs during periods of scarce food and water.

Caryospora bigenetica (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in South America: new hosts and distribution records.

The coccidian Caryospora bigenetica was first described in the snake Crotalus horridus (Viperidae) from United States of America. This study represents the first record of the occurrence of C. bigenetica in snakes in South America. Feces were sampled between November 2013 and May 2014 from 256 wild snakes maintained in scientific breeding facilities in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS; n = 214) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ; n = 42), Brazil. Caryospora bigenetica was found in 14 (5.6%) snakes, all belonging to the family Viperidae. Ten Bothrops moojeni and two Crotalus durissus from MS were infected. The coccidian was also found in one C. durissus and in one Bothrops jararacussu from the state of RJ. The oocysts were spherical with a double wall, the exterior lightly mammillated, striations apparent in transverse view, 13.0 µm (12 - 14); polar granule fixed in the internal wall. Sporocysts oval or pyriform, 10.0 × 8.0 µm (9 - 11 × 8 - 9); Stieda body discoid; sub-Stieda body present; sporocyst residuum present, formed by a group of spheroid bodies between sporozoites. This study increases the number of viperid hosts of C. bigenetica and expands the geographical distribution to South America.

Caryospora bigenetica (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in South America: new hosts and distribution records / Caryospora bigenetica (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) na América do Sul: Registro de novos hospedeiros e distribuição

The coccidian Caryospora bigenetica was first described in the snake Crotalus horridus (Viperidae) from United States of America. This study represents the first record of the occurrence of C. bigenetica in snakes in South America. Feces were sampled between November 2013 and May 2014 from 256 wild snakes maintained in scientific breeding facilities in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS; n = 214) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ; n = 42), Brazil. Caryospora bigenetica was found in 14 (5.6%) snakes, all belonging to the family Viperidae. Ten Bothrops moojeni and two Crotalus durissus from MS were infected. The coccidian was also found in one C. durissus and in one Bothrops jararacussu from the state of RJ. The oocysts were spherical with a double wall, the exterior lightly mammillated, striations apparent in transverse view, 13.0 µm (12 – 14); polar granule fixed in the internal wall. Sporocysts oval or pyriform, 10.0 × 8.0 µm (9 – 11 × 8 – 9); Stieda body discoid; sub-Stieda body present; sporocyst residuum present, formed by a group of spheroid bodies between sporozoites. This study increases the number of viperid hosts of C. bigenetica and expands the geographical distribution to South America.

O coccídio Caryospora bigenetica foi descrito na serpente Crotalus horridus (Viperidae) nos Estados Unidos da América. Este estudo representa o primeiro registro da ocorrência de C. bigenetica em serpentes da América do Sul. Amostras de fezes foram obtidas, entre novembro de 2013 e maio de 2014, de 256 serpentes silvestres mantidas em um criatório científico nos Estados do Mato Grosso do Sul (MS; n = 214) e Rio de Janeiro (RJ; n = 42), Brasil. Caryospora bigenetica foi encontrada em 14 (5,6%) serpentes, todas pertencentes à família Viperidae. Dez Bothrops moojeni e duas Crotalus durissus de MS estavam infectadas. O coccídio também foi encontrado em uma C. durissus e uma Bothrops jararacussu do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os oocistos foram esféricos, com parede dupla, sendo a externa ligeiramente mamilonada, estriações aparentes transversalmente, 13.0 µm (12 – 14); grânulo polar junto à parede interna. Esporocisto oval ou piriforme, 10.0 × 8.0 µm (9 – 11 × 8 – 9); corpo de Stieda discóide; sub-Stieda presente; resíduo do esporocisto presente, formado por um grupo de corpos esféricos entre os esporozoítos. Este estudo aumenta o número de hospedeiros viperídeos de C. bigenetica e expande a distribuição geográfica para a América do Sul.