Association between Fetal Adrenal Gland Ultrasound Measurements in the 9th Month and Mode of Delivery.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have previously assessed the value of changes in the fetal adrenal gland to predict preterm labor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between fetal adrenal gland measurements after 36 weeks and obstetrical outcomes. METHODS: Abdominal two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound is used to measure in the transversal plane the length of fetal zone (D1), the width (D2), and the length (D3) of fetal adrenal gland, and, subsequently, the fetal zone enlargement (FZE), in 98 primigravida women after 36 weeks. Labor and delivery outcomes were assessed and compared with these measurements. RESULTS: FZE changes had no association with spontaneous onset of labor. No association was found between all adrenal gland measurements and delivery onset. There was a significant relationship between D1, D2, and D3 and the delivery method. Patients delivered by cesarean section had smaller fetal adrenal gland dimensions, defining D1= 0.16 cm, D2 = 0.7 cm, and D3 = 2.37 cm as cutoff levels based on receiver operator characteristics curves. CONCLUSION: The 2D measurement of the fetal adrenal gland after 36 weeks seems to predict the delivery method in low-risk primigravida women. KEY POINTS: · We evaluate fetal adrenal gland measurements after 36 weeks versus the obstetrical outcome.. · No association was found between all adrenal gland measurements and delivery onset.. · Patients delivered by cesarean section had smaller fetal adrenal gland dimensions..

Normal values of cardiac axis (CA) measurements in healthy fetuses during the first trimester screening ultrasound.

OBJECTIVES: To report the normal fetal cardiac axis (CA) values at the time of the first trimester screening ultrasound. METHODS: Standardized images and measurement of the CA were obtained from 100 healthy fetuses between 11+0 and 13+6 weeks of gestation along with the nucal thichkness (NT), Crown-rump length (CRL) and other measurements. We excluded cases with abnormal NT, later diagnosis of abnormalities, and suspected fetal cardiopathy during the pregnancy follow-up. Data analysis was performed after all the patients delivered and cardiopathy was excluded. RESULTS: CA was measurable in all the cases. Higher CRL was associated with a decrease in the CA. The mean ± SD embryonic/fetal CA was 48±5,2°, ranging from 39 to 60°, The 2.5 percentile was defined at 40° and the 97.5 percentile at 59°. The Pearson test resulted in a significant correlation between CA and CRL with a coefficient R of 70% and p-value <0.01. CONCLUSIONS: CA tends to decrease at the 11 to 13+6 gestational ages. We defined 2.5 and 97.5% curves for the normal values of CA in our Middle Eastern population. A larger study will be required to differentiate normal and abnormal values for the early detection of heart abnormalities.

Ultrasound characteristics and outcome of prenatally diagnosed fetal cholelithiasis.

AIM: To investigate ultrasound characteristics and outcome in fetuses with cholelithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report a small case series of three patients with prenatally diagnosed fetal cholelithiasis. Ultrasound features, pregnancy outcome and neonatal follow-up are presented and discussed. RESULTS: Sonographic pattern associated to fetal cholelithiasis is variable. Pregnancy issue is globally good with no ominous fetal or neonatal events. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatally diagnosed fetal cholelithiasis is a rare finding and doesn't seem to carry an adverse effect on the pregnancy.

Pseudoamniotic band syndrome: a rare complication of monochorionic twins with fetofetal transfusion syndrome treated by laser coagulation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and risk factors of limb constriction defects that are related to pseudoamniotic band syndrome (PABS) after selective fetoscopic laser surgery (FLS) in fetofetal transfusion syndrome (FFTS). STUDY DESIGN: All consecutive cases of FFTS that were treated by selective FLS between 1999 and 2006 were examined prospectively for PABS at the time of delivery. Incidence and characteristics of PABS were reported. Univariate analysis was conducted to look for potential risk factors of developing PABS. RESULTS: The 438 consecutive FFTS cases were treated at 15-26 weeks of gestation; PABS developed in 8 cases (1.8 %). The affected twin was always the former recipient. The diagnosis was made prenatally in 2 of 8 cases (25%). All cases survived the perinatal period. PABS affected fetal leg, arm, and foot in 3, 4, and 1 cases, respectively. In 5 (62.5%) and 7 (87.5%) cases, PABS occurred after premature rupture of membranes and intrauterine death of the donor, respectively. In 4 cases (50%), there was both premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and intrauterine fetal death; in 3 cases (37.5%), there was intrauterine fetal death alone, and in 1 case (12.5%), there was PROM alone. In the remaining 430 cases, PROM occurred in 62 cases (14.4%) and 66 cases (15.3%) within and after 3 weeks after surgery, respectively. PROM was significantly more frequent within the group that was complicated with PABS than within the rest of the cohort (P = .05). No maternal, fetal, or perioperative risk factor could be identified. CONCLUSION: Awareness and targeted serial ultrasound evaluation in this high-risk group may improve prenatal diagnosis, counseling, and management of PABS after FLS.

A definition of selectivity in laser coagulation of chorionic plate anastomoses in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and its relationship to perinatal outcome.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to correlate selectivity of surgery and perinatal outcome in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome treated by endoscopic laser coagulation, using a quantitative definition of selectivity. STUDY DESIGN: 287 consecutive cases of severe twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome were reviewed. A selectivity index was built as the ratio of selective over nonselective coagulations per procedure. Outcome measures were survival at 28 days and failure of surgery as defined by recurrence of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome or fetofetal hemorrhage. RESULTS: Two populations were identified: a high selectivity group (63.8%) and a low selectivity group (36.2%). Survival of at least one twin and survival of both twins were higher in the high-selectivity group (p = .007 and p = .04 respectively). Failure of surgery rates were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: A quantitative definition of selectivity appears justified by the large variations found in the practice of a single center and by significant differences in outcome. Survival is significantly improved in highly selective procedures.