[On the state of the budgetary funding of government forensic medical expert institutions in the Russian Federation].

The data on the budgetary funding of state-owned forensic medical bureaus in the Russian Federation for the period from 2005 to 2008 were collected and analysed. The results of the overall estimation and parameters characterizing the level of funding of these expert facilities are presented. Selected state forensic medical bureaus have been ranked based on the level of their financial support.

Genetic variation among European strains of Saccharomyces paradoxus: results from DNA fingerprinting.

We used microsatellite fingerprinting and RAPD analysis to characterize 28 wild European strains of Saccharomyces paradoxus. In contrast to our results from a previous allozyme survey [Naumov et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47: 341-344 (1997a)], these methods revealed extensive genetic variation. The RAPD primers 5'AATCGGGCTG and 5'GGGTAACGCC and the microsatellite primer (GTG)5 yielded reproducible amplification patterns of sufficient clarity and variability to distinguish individual strains from the wild. UPGMA analysis tended to group the strains according to climatic and geographic origin. A comparative study of Ty1 sequence having multiple chromosomal location was also done. Each wild S. paradoxus isolate shows a unique hybridization pattern allowing discrimination to the strain level.