Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling in ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Ischemia and reperfusion injury is a complex hemodynamic pathological phenomenon that engages the metabolic to inflammatory machinery in development of disease conditions like heart failure, stroke and acute kidney failure. Target specific therapeutic approaches for ischemia reperfusion injury remains critical despite the extensive studies contributing to the understanding of its pathogenesis. Ischemic or pharmacological conditionings have been long established manipulations to harness the endogenous protective mechanisms against ischemia reperfusion injury that fostered the development of potential therapeutic targets such as sphingolipids signaling. Sphingosine 1-phosphate has been emerged as a crucial metabolite of sphingolipids to regulate the cell survival, vascular integrity and inflammatory cascades in ischemia reperfusion injury. Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling process has been implicated to downgrade the mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptotic assembly along with upregulation of RISK and SAFE pro-survival pathways. It also regulates the endothelial dysfunction and immune cells behavior to control the vascular permeability and immune cells infiltration at ischemia reperfusion injury site. Targeting the signaling of this single moiety holds the vast potential to extensively influence the detrimental signaling of ischemia reperfusion injury. This review highlights the role and significance of S1P signaling that can be therapeutically exploit to treat ischemia reperfusion injury mediated pathological conditions in different organs.

Melatonin ameliorates the drug induced nephrotoxicity: Molecular insights / La melatonina mejora la nefrotoxicidad inducida por medicamentos: datos moleculares

BACKGROUND: Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a frequent adverse event that can lead to acute or chronic kidney disease and increase the healthcare expenditure. It has high morbidity and mortality incidence in 40-70% of renal injuries and accounts for 66% cases of renal failure in elderly population. OBJECTIVE: Amelioration of drug-induced nephrotoxicity has been long soughed to improve the effectiveness of therapeutic drugs. This study was conducted to review the melatonin potential to prevent the pathogenesis of nephrotoxicity induced by important nephrotoxic drugs. METHODS: We analyzed the relevant studies indexed in Pubmed, Medline, Scielo and Web of science to explain the molecular improvements following melatonin co-administration with special attention to oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis as key players of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. RESULTS: A robust consensus among researchers of these studies suggested that melatonin efficiently eradicate the chain reaction of free radical production and induced the endogenous antioxidant enzymes which attenuate the lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes and subcellular oxidative stress in drug-induced nephrotoxicity. This agreement was further supported by the melatonin role in disintegration of inflammatory process through inhibition of principle pro-inflammatory or apoptotic cytokines such as TNF-alfa and NF-κB. These studies highlighted that alleviation of drug-induced renal toxicity is a function of melatonin potential to down regulate the cellular inflammatory and oxidative injury process and to stimulate the cellular repair or defensive mechanisms. CONCLUSION: The comprehensive nephroprotection and safer profile suggests the melatonin to be a useful adjunct to improve the safety of nephrotoxic drugs

ANTECEDENTES: La nefrotoxicidad inducida por medicamentos es un acontecimiento adverso frecuente que puede conducir a una nefropatía aguda o crónica, e incrementar los costes sanitarios. Presenta una incidencia elevada de morbimortalidad en el 40-70% de las lesiones renales y es responsable del 66% de los casos de insuficiencia renal entre la población de edad avanzada. OBJETIVO: La mejora de la nefrotoxicidad inducida por medicamentos es un objetivo anhelado desde hace mucho tiempo, para mejorar la eficacia de los fármacos terapéuticos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo con el propósito de revisar el potencial de la melatonina para prevenir la patogenia de la nefrotoxicidad inducida por medicamentos nefrotóxicos importantes. MÉTODOS: Analizamos los estudios relevantes indexados en Pubmed, Medline, Scielo y Web of Science, para explicar las mejoras moleculares posteriores a la administración concomitante de melatonina; prestando especial atención al estrés oxidativo, la inflamación y la apoptosis como actores fundamentales de la nefrotoxicidad inducida por medicamentos. RESULTADOS: Un sólido consenso entre los investigadores de estos estudios sugirió que la melatonina erradica de forma eficiente la reacción en cadena de producción de radicales libres e induce las enzimas antioxidantes endógenas que atenúan la peroxidación lipídica de las membranas celulares y el estrés oxidativo subcelular en la nefrotoxicidad inducida por medicamentos. Este consenso se vio respaldado por el papel de la melatonina en la desintegración del proceso inflamatorio a través de la inhibición de las principales citocinas proinflamatorias o apoptóticas, como el TNF-α y el NF-κB. Estos estudios subrayan que la mitigación de la nefrotoxicidad inducida por medicamentos se deriva del potencial de la melatonina para regular a la baja el proceso celular de lesión inflamatoria y oxidativa, y estimular la reparación celular o los mecanismos defensivos de las células. CONCLUSIÓN: La nefroprotección exhaustiva y el perfil de seguridad más favorable sugieren que la melatonina es un complemento útil para mejorar la seguridad de los fármacos nefrotóxicos

Melatonin ameliorates the drug induced nephrotoxicity: Molecular insights.

BACKGROUND: Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a frequent adverse event that can lead to acute or chronic kidney disease and increase the healthcare expenditure. It has high morbidity and mortality incidence in 40-70% of renal injuries and accounts for 66% cases of renal failure in elderly population. OBJECTIVE: Amelioration of drug-induced nephrotoxicity has been long soughed to improve the effectiveness of therapeutic drugs. This study was conducted to review the melatonin potential to prevent the pathogenesis of nephrotoxicity induced by important nephrotoxic drugs. METHODS: We analyzed the relevant studies indexed in Pubmed, Medline, Scielo and Web of science to explain the molecular improvements following melatonin co-administration with special attention to oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis as key players of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. RESULTS: A robust consensus among researchers of these studies suggested that melatonin efficiently eradicate the chain reaction of free radical production and induced the endogenous antioxidant enzymes which attenuate the lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes and subcellular oxidative stress in drug-induced nephrotoxicity. This agreement was further supported by the melatonin role in disintegration of inflammatory process through inhibition of principle pro-inflammatory or apoptotic cytokines such as TNF-α and NF-κB. These studies highlighted that alleviation of drug-induced renal toxicity is a function of melatonin potential to down regulate the cellular inflammatory and oxidative injury process and to stimulate the cellular repair or defensive mechanisms. CONCLUSION: The comprehensive nephroprotection and safer profile suggests the melatonin to be a useful adjunct to improve the safety of nephrotoxic drugs.