Metodología activa en el Estudio de Caso para desarrollo del pensamiento crítico y sentido ético / Case Study active methodology for the development of critical thinking and ethical sense skills / Metodologia ativa no Estudo de Caso para desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico e sentido ético

Introducción Un modelo centrado en la enseñanza-aprendizaje supone un cambio en la docencia universitaria, esto implica el uso de metodologías activas con enfoque en el desarrollo de habilidades como el pensamiento crítico (PC) y sentido ético (SE). Objetivo Evaluar el impacto de la implementación del estudio de caso (EC) en el desarrollo de habilidades de PC y SE en estudiantes de enfermería. Métodos Se realizó una intervención longitudinal en una muestra de 103 estudiantes, se aplicó la prueba estadística ANOVA. Resultados Se evaluó el desarrollo de PC al comparar los resultados obtenidos por los estudiantes en tres evaluaciones, se logró evidenciar un progreso en el desarrollo de las habilidades de PC, y SE. Con el análisis de varianza se estableció que el valor del estadístico F fue mayor al crítico (valor p < 0,05), para un nivel de confianza del 95%, se puede rechazar la hipótesis nula. Discusión La implementación de la metodología contribuyó favorablemente en el desarrollo de las habilidades PC y SE en los estudiantes, lo que les permitió identificar y resolver problemas, al fundamentar sus decisiones. Además, fomentó el aprendizaje colaborativo y el respeto, entre pares. Conclusiones La metodología EC promovió un aprendizaje activo y un cambio en la cultura del aula. Si bien, implementar la metodología de EC favoreció el desarrollo de habilidades de PC y SE en los estudiantes de enfermería, es necesario seguir investigando sobre factores que mejoren el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje con un enfoque activo.

Introduction A teaching-learning centered university model implies an evolution characterized by using active methodologies with a focus on the development of skills such as critical thinking (CT), and ethical sense (ES). Objective To assess the impact from the implementation of the Study Case (SC) in the development of critical thinking and ethical sense among nursing students. Methods A longitudinal intervention was conducted on a sample of 103 nursing students. ANOVA tests were performed. Results Critical thinking was assessed by comparing the corresponding results of the students in three evaluations. A progress is development of critical thinking and ethical sense was evidenced. From the ANOVA, it was shown that the F value was higher than the critical reference (p < 0.05) within a 95% confidence interval, and thus, the nil hypothesis was rejected. Discussion The implementation of this methodology favorably contributed for the development of critical thinking and ethical sense skills among the students, an improvement which allowed them to identify and solve problems based on their decision arguments. Moreover, the methodology fostered collaborative learning and respect among colleagues. Conclusions Although the Case Study methodology promoted active learning and a change in the culture of the classroom, it is necessary to continue studying the factors which could improve the teaching-learning processes under an active approach.

Introdução Um modelo centrado no ensino-aprendizagem supõe um câmbio na docência universitária, isto envolve o uso de metodologias ativas com enfoque no desenvolvimento de habilidades como o pensamento crítico (PC) e sentido ético (SE). Objetivo Avaliar o impacto da implementação do estudo de caso (EC) no desenvolvimento de habilidades de PC e SE em estudantes de enfermagem. Métodos Realizou-se uma intervenção longitudinal em uma mostra de 103 estudantes, aplicou-se a proba estatística ANOVA. Resultados Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento de PC ao comparar os resultados obtidos pelos estudantes em três avaliações, atingiu-se evidenciar um progresso no desenvolvimento das habilidades de PC, e SE. Com a análise de variância estabeleceu-se que o valor do estatístico F foi maior ao crítico (valor p < 0,05), para um nível de confiança do 95%, pode se rejeitar a hipótese nula. Discussão A implementação da metodologia contribuiu favoravelmente no desenvolvimento das habilidades PC e SE nos estudantes, o que lhes permitiu identificar e resolver problemas, ao fundamentar suas decisões. Além disso, fomentou a aprendizagem colaborativa e o respeito entre pares. Conclusões A metodologia EC promoveu uma aprendizagem ativa e um câmbio na cultura de aula. Embora, implementar a metodologia de EC favoreça o desenvolvimento de habilidades de PC e SE nos estudantes de enfermagem, é necessário seguir pesquisando sobre fatores que melhorem o processo de ensino-aprendizagem com um enfoque ativo.

Reseña històrica acerca del desarrollo de las bibliotecas médicas: parte 1 (antigüedad al siglo XVIII) / Historical background on the development of medical libraries: part 1 (antiquity to the eighteenth century)

La salud ha sido desde siempre uno de los principales temas del hombre, y es así que la ciencia que ayuda a mantener el equilibrio de esta necesidad básica del ser humano, ha tenido un desarrollo paralelo a su evolución. El conocimiento basado en la experiencia, observación e investigación y el proceso de avance en el desarrollo de la medicina, ha quedado registrado en diferentes soportes que han sido elementales para el estudio y desarrollo de esta disciplina. Los registros bibliográficos se han almacenado a su vez en depósitos llamados bibliotecas, que durante toda la historia de la humanidad han estado presentes como un testimonio del proceso evolutivo del pensamiento. Las bibliotecas son un aporte sustancial al desarrollo del conocimiento y, de manera particular a la labor médica. Desde las tablas de arcilla a los documentos digitales, su relación con la medicina se ha ido fortaleciendo, y así desde proporcionar referencia básica a satisfacer necesidades específicas de información, apoyando la docencia, investigación y clínica, la biblioteca ha cumplido un servicio primordiala quienes han optado por dedicarse al ejercicio de esta ciencia vital para el hombre.

Health has been at all times, one of the main issues of men. That's why science helps to keep balance between this basic need of the human kind, and explains why it has had a parallel development with his evolution. The knowledge based on experience, observation, investigation, and the advances in the medicine development has been registered, in different blbliographic supports, been the main elements for the study and growth of this discipline. The bibliographic records has been stored in deposits called libraries, always present in the human history, as a testimony of the evolutionary process of thought faculty. Libraries are a substantial contributionto knowledge development, particularly, in medical work. Since then, with the board clay, till now, digital documents,the library-medicine relation has been fortifying, because it pro vides, from basic references, specific information, supporting teaching, investigation and clinic. The library has fulfilled a fundamental service for whom had dedicated to the medicine discipline, so vital for human kind.

[Niccolo Paganini: medical aspects of his life and work]. / Niccolo Paganini: Aspectos médicos de su vida y obra.

Niccolo Paganini is the most virtuous violinist of the history of music. He even received the nick name of "the violinist of the evil" for his outstanding skills on stage performance. It has been suggested that he had syphilis and tuberculosis, the commonest diseases of that time, but this hypothesis remains speculative. There are suggestions that he was the victim of iatrogenic mercurial poisoning. Furthermore, his body build suggests the presence of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome which could give him special anatomical conditions allowing him to achieve an amazing level of vírtuousness in his art. We herein review the medical aspects of this brilliant musician's life.

Niccolo Paganini: aspectos médicos de su vida y obra / Niccolo Paganini: medical aspects of his Ufe and work

Niccolo Paganini is the most virtuos violinist of the history of music. He even received the nick name of "the violinist of the evil" for his outstanding skills on stage performance. It has been suggested that he had syphilis and tuberculosis, the commonest diseases of that time, but this hypothesis remains speculative. There are suggestions that he was the victim of iatrogenic mercurial poisoning. Furthermore, his body build suggests the presence of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome which could give him special anatomical conditions allowing him to achieve an amazing level of vírtuousness in his art. We herein review the medical aspects ofthis brilliant musician's life.

[Semmelweis and his outstanding contribution to medicine: washing hands saves lives]. / Semmelweis y su aporte científico a la medicina: Un lavado de manos salva vidas.

Ignaz Semmelweis was a Hungarian obstetrician who in the nineteenth century, preceding the discoveries of Pasteur and Lister, proposed the infectious etiology of puerperal sepsis. With a simple antiseptic procedure, he achieved marked reduction of the prevalence of this disease. However, he needed to fight against the reluctance of his colleagues who didn't accept his observations although they were, for the first time in the history of science, supported by statistical significance analysis. This report describes biographical data of this revolutionary physician and the circumstances of his strange death based on information not often revealed.

Semmelweis y su aporte científico a la medicina: Un lavado de manos salva vidas / Semmelweis and his outstanding contribution to Medicine: Washing hands saves lives

Ignaz Semmelweis was a Hungarian obstetrician who in the nineteenth century, preceding the discoveries of Pasteur and Lister, proposed the infectious etiology of puerperal sepsis. With a simple antiseptic procedure, he achieved marked reduction of the prevalence of this disease. However, he needed to fight against the reluctancy of his colleagues who didn't accept his observations although they were for the first time in the history of Science, supported by statistical significance analysis. This report describes biographical data of this revolutionary physician and the circumstances of his strange death based on information not often revealed.

Ignaz Semmelweis, fue un obstetra húngaro que a mediados del siglo XIX, precediendo los hallazgos de Pasteur y Lister, logró descubrir la naturaleza infecciosa de la fiebre puerperal, logrando controlar su aparición con una simple medida de antisepsia. Debió luchar con la reticencia de sus colegas que no aceptaron sus observaciones que, por primera vez en la historia, fueron apoyadas con datos estadísticos. Esta comunicación describe datos biográficos de este trascendente científico y las circunstancias que rodearon su extraña muerte, apoyada en información infrecuentemente divulgada.

Aspectos médicos de la vida de Johann Sebastian Bach / Medical aspects of Johann Sebastian Bach's life

Johann Sebastian Bach, uno de los músicos más importantes de la historia, sufrió el último año de su vida de un defecto visual progresivo del que nunca se recuperó, a pesar de ser intervenido en dos ocasiones por el oftalmólogo más connotado y controvertido de la época. El diagnóstico exacto de su condición es incierto, pero cataratas o glaucoma parecen ser los más adecuados. Una complicación séptica postquirúrgica pudo haber debilitado aún más su salud, llevándole a la muerte tres meses después de haber sido intervenido. En este artículo se discuten las diversas etiologías planteadas.

The relationship between fertility potential measurements on cryobanked semen and fecundity of sperm donors.

Sperm penetration assay (SPA) scores obtained from cryobanked semen were correlated with therapeutic insemination (TI) fecundity in a group of established sperm donors, thereby evaluating the efficacy of the SPA in screening donors for sperm banking. While the SPA has been used to separate fertile from infertile males, we altered assay conditions to use frozen semen and to distinguish performance among fertile donors. Three frozen ejaculates from 11 pregnancy-proven donors were analysed. Of 905 TI cycles, 275 recipients achieved 95 pregnancies. There were no significant relationships between fecundity and donor semen, washed sperm parameters, sperm recoveries or recipient age. A significant relationship was revealed between mean SPA scores (range 8.7-66.6 penetrations/ovum) and donor fecundity (range 0.04-0.16, P < 0.03). Sperm concentration was varied in an effort to establish the most sensitive test condition. Using 0.25x10(6) motile spermatozoa/ml, a highly significant relationship was observed (P < 0.002). The four donors with the lowest SPA scores achieved the four lowest fecundities. It is concluded that a modified SPA can be used on frozen donor semen to estimate donor fertility potential. If applied routinely in donor semen banking, poor quality applicants could be excluded, thereby increasing pregnancy rates while decreasing donor screening costs.

A multicenter comparative study on the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of the contraceptive subdermal implants Norplant and Norplant-II.

In order to assess efficacy, safety, and acceptability of the contraceptive subdermal implants Norplant and Norplant-II in Mexican women, a comparative phase III clinical trial was undertaken in eight clinics across the country. The study involved 1052 women who were followed-up trimonthly for three years. Cumulative pregnancy rates were 0.29% and 0.34% for Norplant and Norplant-II implants, respectively. Similar overall cumulative discontinuation rates were observed at three years: 50.38% for Norplant capsules, and 50.44% for Norplant-II rods. The main method-related reason for termination was endometrial bleeding irregularity which led to discontinuation rates of 11.94% and 11.62% for Norplant and Norplant-II contraceptive systems, respectively. In 15,279 woman-months of experience accumulated with Norplant implants and 14,092 with Norplant-II implants, there were few adverse events reported. No difference was found between the two groups in either difficulty for implants placement and removal or women's discomfort, even though the time required for insertion and removal of Norplant capsules was longer than for Norplant-II rods. It is concluded that during the first three years of use, both implants systems are equally effective, safe, and acceptable.