Dental bleaching with ozone: effects on color and enamel microhardness.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of dental bleaching with ozone (O3) on color change and enamel microhardness. Enamel blocks (3 x 3 x 3mm) were randomly distributed for treatments (n=10). Color change (ΔE) and Knoop microhardness of the enamel blocks were evaluated before and after the following treatments: C - deionized water (control); HP - 37.5% hydrogen peroxide (Pola Office+/ SDI); PLA - placebo gel; O3 - ozone; and O2 - oxygen. Four 8-minute applications were used for HP and PLA, and one 19-minute application for O3 and O2.One-way ANOVA revealed that ΔE was not significantly influenced by the treatment (p = 0.112). For the treatments with HP, PLA, O3 andO2, ΔE was greater than 3.3. The paired t test showed significant decrease in microhardness after treatments (p < 0.001) but no significant difference between treatments (ANOVA; p = 0.313). Dental bleaching treatments with O3, HP, O2 and PLA induced enamel color changes that may be clinically discernible, although enamel microhardeness decreased.

O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar os efeitos do clareamento dental com ozônio (O3) quanto à alteração de cor e microdureza do esmalte. Blocos de esmalte (3 x 3 x 3mm) foram aleatoriamente distribuídos entre os tratamentos (n=10). Alteração de cor (ΔE) e microdureza Knoop foram avaliados antes e após cada um dos seguintes tratamentos: C ­ água deionizada (controle); PH ­ peróxido de hidrogênio a 37,5% (Pola Office+/ SDI); PLA ­ gel placebo; O3 ­ ozônio; O2 ­ oxigênio. Quatro aplicações de PH e PLA foram realizadas por 8 minutos cada e uma aplicação de O3 e O2 foram realizados por 19 minutos em cada bloco de esmalte. ANOVA a um critério mostrou que os valores de ΔE não foram significativamente influenciados pelo tratamento (p = 0,112). Para os tratamentos com PH, PLA, O3 e O2, o ΔE foi maior que 3,3. O teste t pareado mostrou diminução significativa dos valores de microdureza no final do tratamento quando comparado com o tempo baseline (p < 0,001), mas não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos (ANOVA; p = 0,313). O tratamento com O3, PH, O2 e PLA levou a alteração de cor do esmalte clinicamente perceptível, embora tenha sido observada diminuição da microdureza do esmalte com a realização dos tratamentos.

Dental bleaching with ozone: effects on color and enamel microhardness / Clareamento dental com ozônio: efeitos na cor e na microdureza do esmalte

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of dentalbleaching with ozone (O3) on color change and enamelmicrohardness. Enamel blocks (3 x 3 x 3mm) were randomlydistributed for treatments (n=10). Color change (ΔE) and Knoopmicrohardness of the enamel blocks were evaluated before andafter the following treatments: C – deionized water (control); HP– 37.5% hydrogen peroxide (Pola Office+/ SDI); PLA – placebogel; O3– ozone; and O2– oxygen. Four 8-minute applicationswere used for HP and PLA, and one 19-minute application for O3and O2.One-way ANOVA revealed that ΔE was not significantlyinfluenced by the treatment (p = 0.112). For the treatments withHP, PLA, O3 and O2, ΔE was greater than 3.3. The paired t testshowed significant decrease in microhardness after treatments (p< 0.001) but no significant difference between treatments(ANOVA; p = 0.313). Dental bleaching treatments with O3, HP,O2and PLA induced enamel color changes that may be clinicallydiscernible, although enamel microhardeness decreased.

O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar os efeitos doclareamento dental com ozônio (O3) quanto à alteração de core microdureza do esmalte. Blocos de esmalte (3 x 3 x 3mm)foram aleatoriamente distribuídos entre os tratamentos(n=10). Alteração de cor (ΔE) e microdureza Knoop foramavaliados antes e após cada um dos seguintes tratamentos: C– água deionizada (controle); PH – peróxido de hidrogênio a37,5% (Pola Office+/ SDI); PLA – gel placebo; O3– ozônio;O2– oxigênio. Quatro aplicações de PH e PLA foramrealizadas por 8 minutos cada e uma aplicação de O3e O2foram realizados por 19 minutos em cada bloco de esmalte.ANOVA a um critério mostrou que os valores de ΔE não foramsignificativamente influenciados pelo tratamento (p = 0,112).Para os tratamentos com PH, PLA, O3 e O2, o ΔE foi maior que3,3. O teste t pareado mostrou diminução significativa dosvalores de microdureza no final do tratamento quandocomparado com o tempo baseline (p < 0,001), mas não houvediferença significativa entre os tratamentos (ANOVA; p =0,313). O tratamento com O3, PH, O2e PLA levou a alteraçãode cor do esmalte clinicamente perceptível, embora tenha sidoobservada diminuição da microdureza do esmalte com arealização dos tratamentos.

Color and surface temperature variation during bleaching in human devitalized primary teeth: an in vitro study.

This study's purpose was to make an in vitro assessment of 2 whitening techniques in primary teeth, regarding color and temperature surface variation, during dental bleaching using different catalytic sources. Twenty-one extracted human upper central deciduous incisors were used in this in vitro study. The teeth were darkened with human blood for a period of 21 days. After preparing the teeth, they were randomly distributed into 2 groups, according to bleaching source of activation: (1) a diode laser (DL) group; and (2) a halogen lamp (HL) group. The bleaching process was performed, according to the manufacturer's guidelines, using Whiteness HP (FGM, Joinville, Brazil). The color was assessed by spectrophotometer (CIELab) and the VITA scale (3M) before and immediately after tooth whitening. The temperature increase in the radicular surface during the bleaching was registered with a thermographic camera ThermaCAM SC 3000 (Flir Systems, Danderyd, Sweden) at the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN-CNEN (São Paulo, Brazil). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of color changes, but there was a statistically significant difference for temperature variation. The use of a diode laser and halogen lamp both promoted whitening in devitalized primary teeth in vitro. As a catalytic source of energy, the diode laser--with the applied parameters--promoted a smaller temperature increase compared to the halogen lamp during the bleaching procedure on nonvital primary teeth.

Microleakage of glass ionomer restoration in cavities prepared by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation in primary teeth.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate microleakage of cavity preparation in primary teeth made with an Er, Cr:YSGG laser (L) or high-speed drill (HD) and conventional (CGIC) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). METHODS: One hundred primary teeth were divided into 10 groups (N=10): (a) groups 1 and 2 represented cavities prepared by a no. 1012 diamond bur with HD; (b) groups 3 through 10 represented cavities prepared with an Er, Cr:YSGG laser (with a repetition rate of 20 Hz power settings varying for enamel=2.5 W and 3 W and dentine=1.0 W and 1.5 W). After cavity preparation, samples were restored with CGIC (Ketac Molar Easy Mix) and RMGIC (Vitremer), impermeabilized, thermal cycled, stained, washed, and sectioned. The degree of dye penetration was scored by 3 standardized examiners using a light stereoscope at X30 magnification. RESULTS: The Kruskal-Wallis test detected no statistical differences between the cavity preparation methods (P<.049). Neither of the GICs tested were able to avoid microleakage, and the RMGIC showed the lowest statistical degree of microleakage compared with CGIC for both types of cavity preparation. CONCLUSIONS: The Er,Cr:YSGG laser provided an equivalent method of cavity preparation compared to the high-speed drill. The resin-modified glass ionomer cement showed the lowest degree of microleakage. This restorative material should be considered when choosing the cavity preparation method.

Whitening techniques using the diode laser and halogen lamp in human devitalized primary teeth.

The aim of this study was to make an in vivo assessment of 2 whitening techniques in deciduous teeth, with the variable being the source of energy activation. Ten upper central incisors darkened by trauma were selected and whitening agent used was a 35% hydrogen peroxide. The teeth were distributed into 2 groups: group 1-activation with an infrared diode laser (GaAlAs), and group 2-activation with a halogen lamp. Assessment of whitening was done by color analysis with the Vita 3D scale at 3 different times: before whitening, immediately after whitening, and 1 week after whitening. A Kruskal-Wallace test showed that there were no significant difference between the 2 groups when comparing group 1 and 2 and comparing 2 and 3 immediately and after 1 week of treatment. Laser activation of the whitening agent was not more effective than halogen light activation for root canal-treated deciduous teeth.

Adhesion of composite luting cement to Er:YAG-laser-treated dentin.

Although some studies claim to the increase of composite resin adhesion to Er:YAG-laser-treated dentin, there are still no reports on the adhesion of composite resin cements to the irradiated surface. This in vitro study evaluated the tensile bond strength (TBS) of a composite resin cement to dentin treated with the Er:YAG laser. Sixty human dentin samples were divided into four groups (n = 15): G1 (Control)-no treatment; G2-Er:YAG laser 60 mJ, 2 Hz, with water cooling, non-contact (19 J/cm(2)); G3-Er:YAG laser 60 mJ, 10 Hz, 50/10 fiber, contact, without water cooling (40 J/cm(2)); G4-Er:YAG laser 60 mJ, 10 Hz, 50/10 fiber, contact, with water cooling (40 J/cm(2)). After the surface treatment, each sample was submitted to bonding procedures. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests revealed no statistical significant difference on TBS values for groups G1 (13.73 +/- 3.05 MPa), G2 (12.60 +/- 2.09 MPa) and G4 (11.17 +/- 4.04 MPa). G4 was not statistically different from G3 (8.64 +/- 2.06 MPa). Er:YAG laser irradiation with different settings can constitute an alternative tool to the use of composite resin-luting cements.

The applications of diode and Er:YAG lasers in labial frenectomy in infant patients.

This paper describes a clinical case of labial frenectomy using different high power lasers: diode (810 nm) and Er:YAG (2940 nm). Considerations are made about specific indications, surgery techniques, and advantages of labial frenectomy using these laser wavelengths. The diode laser has high absorbance by pigmented tissues with hemoglobin, melanin, and collagen chromophores. For this reason, this wavelength is well indicated for surgery in soft tissue (vaporization, incision, coagulation, hemostasis). It is not properly absorbed, however, and should never be used in contact with hard tissues (bone). The Er:YAG laser has high absorbance to water and mineral apatite, making this wavelength useful and safe for the ablation of hard tissues. In the labial frenectomy clinical procedure, a combined technique is suggested: using the diode laser in soft tissues and the Er:YAG laser in periosteal bone tissues and for removal of final collagen fibers. It is important for the professional to understand the physical characteristics of the different laser wavelengths and their interaction with biological tissues to assure that they are used in a safe way, and that the benefits of this technology can be provided to infant patients.

Tensile bond strength of a flowable composite resin to ER:YAG-laser-treated dentin.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study evaluated the influence of a flowable composite resin (FCR) on the tensile bond strength of resin to dentin treated with the Er:YAG Laser (L) and diamond bur (DB). STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety dentin surfaces obtained from 45 third molars were ground and randomly divided into six groups (n = 15): G1-DB, G2-DB+FCR, G3-L (100 mJ, 10 Hz, 37.04 J/cm2), G4-L (100 mJ, 10 Hz, 37.04 J/cm2)+FCR, G5-L (250 mJ, 2 Hz, 92.60 J/cm2), and G6-L (250 mJ, 2 Hz, 92.60 J/cm2)+FCR. After surface etching with 37% phosphoric acid and the application of an adhesive system, inverted conical specimens were prepared with a hybrid composite resin. In groups G2, G4, and G6 a FCR was placed before the hybrid composite resin. After 24 hours-storage in distilled water, the tensile test was performed in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/minute, 500 N). RESULTS: Data were submitted to Kruskal Wallis test (P = 0.01). The mean bond strength values (MPa+/-SD) were: G1-13.54 (+/-2.99), G2-14.67 (+/-2.32), G3-9.49 (+/-3.09), G4-14.60 (+/-2.76), G5-8.97 (+/-3.89), and G6-13.02 (+/-2.18). Groups G1 and G2 presented the highest bond strength values, which were statistically similar to those of G4 and G6. The groups treated with laser and without the FCR (G3 and G5) showed the lowest shear bond strength values. CONCLUSIONS: FCR can increase the adhesion to dentin treated with Er:YAG laser within different parameters.

Er:YAG laser effects on enamel occlusal fissures: an in vitro study.

This study evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the morphological changes in occlusal fissure enamel, of permanent models, irradiated by Er:YAG laser using contact and noncontact fiberoptics in vitro. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of Er:YAG laser for dental hard tissue removal and cavity preparation. The treatment of occlusal fissures in noncarious permanent human molars (n = 9) was carried out with Er:YAG laser (KEY Laser II) using handpiece no. 2051, noncontact, focused (12 mm), water spray-cooled, pulse energy 200 mJ, and frequency 2 Hz (group 1), and handpiece no. 2055 with a quartz fiberoptic 50/10, in contact, air cooled, pulse energy setting of 350 mJ and frequency 2 Hz (group 2) and 400 mJ/2 Hz (group 3). The specimens were sectioned, dehydrated in a graded series of aqueous ethanol, dried, and sputtering with gold. Morphological change analysis on occlusal fissures was performed by SEM. Group 1 showed removal of fissure debris and predominantly enamel etching-like patterns, and groups 2 and 3 showed irregular edges, melting, and recrystallization of fissure enamel, with a lava-like structure and bubble-like voids. The results of this in vitro study suggest that the irradiation of fissures by Er:YAG laser using a fiberoptics (contact and air cooled) produced melting and recrystallization of fissures enamel. Further studies are required with different energy parameters and water cooling to evaluate the thermal effects on teeth.