Local α-fractal interpolation function.

Constructions of the (global) fractal interpolation functions on standard function spaces got a lot of attention in the last centuries. Motivated by the newly introduced local fractal functions corresponding to a local iterated functions system which is the generalization of the traditional iterated functions system we construct the local non-affine α- fractal functions in this article. A few examples of the graphs of these functions are provided. A fractal operator which takes the classical function to its local fractal counterpart is defined and some of its properties are also studied.

Universal Quantum Rewinding Protocol with an Arbitrarily High Probability of Success.

We present a universal mechanism that, acting on any target qubit, propagates it to the state it had T time units before the experiment started. This protocol works by setting the target on a superposition of flight paths, where it is acted on by uncharacterized, but repeatable, quantum operations. Independently of the effect of each of these individual operations on the target, the successful interference of the paths causes it to leap to its past state. We prove that, for generic interaction effects, the protocol will herald a successful rewinding with probability 1 after some finite number of steps.

Analysis and optimization of quantum adaptive measurement protocols with the framework of preparation games.

A preparation game is a task whereby a player sequentially sends a number of quantum states to a referee, who probes each of them and announces the measurement result. Many experimental tasks in quantum information, such as entanglement quantification or magic state detection, can be cast as preparation games. In this paper, we introduce general methods to design n-round preparation games, with tight bounds on the performance achievable by players with arbitrarily constrained preparation devices. We illustrate our results by devising new adaptive measurement protocols for entanglement detection and quantification. Surprisingly, we find that the standard procedure in entanglement detection, namely, estimating n times the average value of a given entanglement witness, is in general suboptimal for detecting the entanglement of a specific quantum state. On the contrary, there exist n-round experimental scenarios where detecting the entanglement of a known state optimally requires adaptive measurement schemes.

Erratum: Entanglement Detection beyond Measuring Fidelities [Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 200502 (2020)].

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.200502.

Entanglement Detection beyond Measuring Fidelities.

One of the most widespread methods to determine if a quantum state is entangled, or to quantify its entanglement dimensionality, is by measuring its fidelity with respect to a pure state. In this Letter, we find a large class of states whose entanglement cannot be detected in this manner; we call them unfaithful. We find that unfaithful states are ubiquitous in information theory. For small dimensions, we check numerically that most bipartite states are both entangled and unfaithful. Similarly, numerical searches in low dimensions show that most pure entangled states remain entangled but become unfaithful when a certain amount of white noise is added. We also find that faithfulness can be self-activated, i.e., there exist instances of unfaithful states whose tensor powers are faithful. To explore how the fidelity approach limits the quantification of entanglement dimensionality, we generalize the notion of an unfaithful state to that of a D unfaithful state, one that cannot be certified as D-dimensionally entangled by measuring its fidelity with respect to a pure state. For describing such states, we additionally introduce a hierarchy of semidefinite programming relaxations that fully characterizes the set of states of Schmidt rank at most D.

Enfermedad de Parkinson: abordaje enfermero desde atención primaria / Parkinson's disease: Nursing approach from primary health care

Introducción: La enfermedad de Parkinson es un trastorno crónico neurodegenerativo de inicio insidioso y de curso prolongado. Tiene una mayor incidencia en las personas de edad avanzada; la edad media de inicio es de 57 años. Los cuidados que reciben los pacientes influyen en su calidad de vida. Se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica de los datos publicados hasta el momento sobre qué necesidades tienen los enfermos de párkinson en fases iniciales y qué cuidados requieren. El objetivo principal del estudio ha sido determinar los cuidados de enfermería en los pacientes de párkinson recién diagnosticados en atención primaria. Resultados: Las necesidades más demandadas en la fase inicial de la enfermedad se relacionan con la movilidad, la eliminación y el sueño/reposo. Las intervenciones se programan según la necesidad de cada paciente. Conclusiones: La detención precoz del diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Parkinson mejorará la eficacia de la intervención y dará lugar a un enlentecimiento del progreso de la enfermedad. La importancia de informar y educar al paciente sobre los aspectos fundamentales y el pronóstico evolutivo de la enfermedad de Parkinson son fundamentales para mejorar la capacidad de afrontamiento del individuo

Introduction: Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder with insidious beginning and prolonged course. It has a higher impact in elderly people; the average age of onset is 57 years. The care that patients receive affect their quality of life. A literature review of the published data so far has been made to know which kind of needs the Parkinson's patients have in the early stages and which type of care they require. The main objective of this study has been to establish the nursing care for newly diagnosed Parkinson's patients at primary health care. Results: The most requested needs in the early stage of Parkinson's disease are related to mobility, elimination and sleep/rest. The interventions are programmed according to the needs of each patient. Conclusions: The early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease will improve the efficiency of the intervention and it will result in a slower progression of the disease. The importance of informing and educating the patient about the fundamental aspects and the evolution of the prognosis of Parkinson's disease are fundamental to improve the individual's ability of coping

Asociación de familiares de enfermos de Alzheimer cubriendo un vacío / Association of relatives of Alzheimer patients filling a gap

Introducción: Existe una alta prevalencia de adultos mayores diagnosticados de demencia que generan una importante demanda de cuidados y recursos sociosanitarios. Los centros de día atienden a las personas en situaciones de dependencia y facilitan la integración familiar. Nuestras preguntas iniciales son acerca de las asociaciones de enfermos y familiares. ¿Cómo surgen y se organizan? ¿Qué servicios ofrecen? ¿Qué competencias desarrollan los profesionales de enfermería? Objetivo: Analizar la percepción que tienen los miembros del equipo de una asociación de familiares de enfermos de Alzheimer y otras demencias sobre el funcionamiento y el servicio que ofrecen a la sociedad. Material y métodos: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo, realizado en una asociación de familiares de enfermos de Alzheimer. Se realizan tres entrevistas semiestructuradas respetando las consideraciones éticas establecidas para los trabajos de investigación con personas. Resultados: Surgen tres categorías en el análisis de los relatos, la historia de la asociación, la estructura y organización del equipo interdisciplinar, destacando las competencias del profesional de enfermería y la oferta de servicios que ha desarrollado. Conclusiones: La asociación surge ante las necesidades de atención sentidas por parte de las familias y que no obtienen respuesta en otras instituciones. Se ha consolidado como un recurso imprescindible cuyo objetivo es mantener a la persona dependiente en su medio habitual y proporcionar apoyo a sus cuidadores. Atiende desde un equipo interdisciplinar que contribuye al desarrollo de unos fines comunes, donde la enfermería desarrolla las competencias propias de la profesión

Introduction: There is a high prevalence of elderly diagnosed of dementia that generates an important demand of well-taken care of and socio-sanitary resources. The day care centers take care of the people in dependency situations and facilitate familiar integration. Our initial questions are about the Associations of patients and relatives. How arises and how they are organized? What services do they offer? What competences develop the nurse professionals? Aim: To analyze the perception which the members of the equipment have of an Alzheimer´s patients relatives Association and other dementias on the operation and the service that offer to the society. Material and methods: Descriptive qualitative study, made in an Alzheimer´s Relatives Association. Three semi structured interviews are made respecting the established ethical considerations for the investigation works with people. Results: Three categories in the analysis arise from the stories, the history of the Association, the structure and organization of the multidisciplinary equipment, emphasizing the competitions of the nurse professional and the supply of services that it has developed. Conclusions: The Association arises from the needs of heartfelt attention from families and that do not obtain answer in other institutions. It has established as an essential resource whose aim is to maintain to the disabled person in its usual means and to provide support to its caretakers. It takes care of from a multidisciplinary equipment that contributes to the development of common aims, where nursing develops the own competitions of the profession

Paciente con síndrome de Charles Bonnet: propuesta de cuidados / Charles Bonnet syndrome patient-care proposal

Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es mejorar la comprensión de las experiencias de los pacientes con síndrome de Charles Bonnet (SBC) y proponer un plan de cuidados de enfermería. Profundizar sobre la propia experiencia del enfermo puede aportar conocimientos, que orienten a las enfermeras, en la detección de estos pacientes y a establecer un cuidado integral de la persona con SCB, aplicando la metodología de la disciplina, con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Método: Revisión y análisis del caso de una mujer de 87 años de edad, con diagnóstico de degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE), que causó baja visión en ambos ojos y se diagnostica con SCB en el servicio de oftalmología. Se realiza un abordaje cualitativo y se elige el relato biográfico, válido para conocer el significado de estar enfermo e incorporar la perspectiva del paciente en las intervenciones de salud. Resultados: La paciente fue diagnosticada de SCB secundario a la DMAE. Ella describe las siguientes unidades temáticas: las alucinaciones, las emociones asociadas, el diagnóstico y atención de la salud y, por último, el afrontamiento. Conclusiones: Se hace hincapié en la importancia de la ayuda profesional desde el comienzo de las alucinaciones, para evitar temores infundados y el adecuado seguimiento de su evolución

Purpose: Improve understanding of the experiences of patients with Charles Bonnet syndrome (SBC) and progress in planning nursing care. Deepen the experience of the patient can provide knowledge to guide nurses in the detection of patients and the needs perceived by them, in order to establish a comprehensive care of the person applying the methodology of the discipline, focus to improve the quality of life of patients. Method: Review and analysis of the case of a woman of 87 years old, diagnosed with Macular Degeneration Age-related (AMD), which caused low vision in both eyes and is diagnosed with CBS at the Department of Ophthalmology. A qualitative approach of descriptive characteristics performed and the biographical account is chosen because it provides valid for knowing the meaning of being sick / healthy and incorporate the perspective of the patient in health interventions. Findings: The patient was diagnosed as CBS secondary to AMD. She describes the following thematic units: hallucinations, associated emotions (experiences), diagnostic and health care and lastly, coping. Conclusions: She stresses the importance of professional help, from the beginning of the hallucinations to avoid unfounded fears and proper monitoring of its evolution

La Enfermería Geriátrica en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior / Geriatric nursing on European Space for Higher Education

Problema: ¿Cómo se están estructurando las asignaturas relacionadas con la especialidad de Enfermería Geriátrica en la formación de Grado de Enfermería? Material y método: guías docentes de las universidades, escuelas/facultades de Enfermería, pertenecientes a la Conferencia Nacional de Directores de Centros Universitarios de Enfermería (CNDCUE). Análisis descriptivo de la asignatura que abordan los cuidados de enfermería durante la etapa de la vejez. Conclusiones: existe divergencia en el planteamiento de las asignaturas en las guías analizadas. Se ha modificado la denominación previa y común a todos los centros: Enfermería Geriátrica. El número de competencias propuestas es elevado, lo que puede complicar la evaluación formativa (AU)

Issue: how are subjects related to Geriatric Nursing being organized on Nursing degree education? Material and method: guidebooks about Shools/Faculties of Nursing wich belong to National Conference of Directors of University Centres of Nursing. A subject on nursing care descriptive analysis during old age. Conclusions: There are differences between the approach of the subjects on the guides we ve analized. The previous and common to all centres designation has been modified: Geriatric Nursing. The number of suggested competences is high, so formative evaluation will get complicated (AU)

The complex history of the olive tree: from Late Quaternary diversification of Mediterranean lineages to primary domestication in the northern Levant.

The location and timing of domestication of the olive tree, a key crop in Early Mediterranean societies, remain hotly debated. Here, we unravel the history of wild olives (oleasters), and then infer the primary origins of the domesticated olive. Phylogeography and Bayesian molecular dating analyses based on plastid genome profiling of 1263 oleasters and 534 cultivated genotypes reveal three main lineages of pre-Quaternary origin. Regional hotspots of plastid diversity, species distribution modelling and macrofossils support the existence of three long-term refugia; namely the Near East (including Cyprus), the Aegean area and the Strait of Gibraltar. These ancestral wild gene pools have provided the essential foundations for cultivated olive breeding. Comparison of the geographical pattern of plastid diversity between wild and cultivated olives indicates the cradle of first domestication in the northern Levant followed by dispersals across the Mediterranean basin in parallel with the expansion of civilizations and human exchanges in this part of the world.

Estudio bibliométrico (2001-2009) sobre la enfermería geriátrica y gerontológica en España / Bibliometric study (2001-2009) on geriatric and gerontologic nursing in Spain

Los análisis bibliométricos son una herramienta para describir y evaluar los resultados de las investigaciones que se divulgan a través de revistas científicas. Los estudios sobre enfermería geriátrica permiten conocer el grado de madurez de la especialidad, los temas de interés y la cuantificación de su producción. El objetivo es analizar cualitativa y cuantitativamente las características de la producción científica en enfermería geriátrica durante los años del 2001 al 2009. Material y método: estudio bibliométrico, de los artículos publicados en las revistas españolas indizadas en CUIDEN Plus. Conclusiones: existe un avance en la productividad de publicaciones sobre la enfermería geriátrica; esto confirmaría el proceso de consolidación de la especialidad de enfermería geriátrica. Gerokomos es la revista de referencia para los profesionales de enfermería del área estudiada. Hay un incremento de la producción científica sobre la especialidad en las revistas indizadas en CUIDEN Plus. Los temas de interés están relacionados con la práctica asistencial (AU)

The bibliometric analyses are a tool to describe and evaluate the results of the investigations that are disclosed through scientific magazines. The geriatric nursing studies show the maturity degree of the specialty, the interest subjects and the quantification of their production. The objective is to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the characteristics of the scientific production in geriatric nursing from 2001 to 2009 years. Material and method: bibliometric study, of articles published in the index Spanish journals in CUIDEN Plus. Conclusions: there is advance of the publication productivity about the geriatric nursing, this would confirm the process of consolidation of the specialty of geriatric nursing. Gerokomos is the journal of reference for the professionals of nursing of the studied area. Is an increase of the scientific production of the specialty in the journals index in CUIDEN Plus. The interest subjects are related with the welfare practice (AU)

Recent population decline and selection shape diversity of taxol-related genes.

Taxanes are defensive metabolites produced by Taxus species (yews) and used in anticancer therapies. Despite their medical interest, patterns of natural diversity in taxane-related genes are unknown. We examined variation at five main genes of Taxus baccata in the Iberian Peninsula, a region where unique yew genetic resources are endangered. We looked at several gene features and applied complementary neutrality tests, including diversity/divergence tests, tests solely based on site frequency spectrum (SFS) and Zeng's compound tests. To account for specific demography, microsatellite data were used to infer historical changes in population size based on an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) approach. Polymorphism-divergence tests pointed to positive selection for genes TBT and TAT and balancing selection for DBAT. In addition, neutrality tests based on SFS found that while a recent reduction in population size may explain most statistics' values, selection may still be in action in genes TBT and DBAT, at least in some populations. Molecular signatures on taxol genes suggest the action of frequent selective waves with different direction or intensity, possibly related to varying adaptive pressures produced by the host-enemy co-evolution on defence-related genes. Such natural selection processes may have produced taxane variants still undiscovered.

CpDNA-based species identification and phylogeography: application to African tropical tree species.

Despite the importance of the African tropical rainforests as a hotspot of biodiversity, their history and the processes that have structured their biodiversity are understood poorly. With respect to past demographic processes, new insights can be gained through characterizing the distribution of genetic diversity. However, few studies of this type have been conducted in Central Africa, where the identification of species in the field can be difficult. We examine here the distribution of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) diversity in Lower Guinea in two tree species that are difficult to distinguish, Erythrophleum ivorense and Erythrophleum suaveolens (Fabaceae). By using a blind-sampling approach and comparing molecular and morphological markers, we first identified retrospectively all sampled individuals and determined the limits of the distribution of each species. We then performed a phylogeographic study using the same genetic data set. The two species displayed essentially parapatric distributions that were correlated well with the rainfall gradient, which indicated different ecological requirements. In addition, a phylogeographic structure was found for E. suaveolens and, for both species, substantially higher levels of diversity and allelic endemism were observed in the south (Gabon) than in the north (Cameroon) of the Lower Guinea region. This finding indicated different histories of population demographics for the two species, which might reflect different responses to Quaternary climate changes. We suggest that a recent period of forest perturbation, which might have been caused by humans, favoured the spread of these two species and that their poor recruitment at present results from natural succession in their forest formations.

Genetic diversity and fitness in small populations of partially asexual, self-incompatible plants.

How self-incompatibility systems are maintained in plant populations is still a debated issue. Theoretical models predict that self-incompatibility systems break down according to the intensity of inbreeding depression and number of S-alleles. Other studies have explored the function of asexual reproduction in the maintenance of self-incompatibility. However, the population genetics of partially asexual, self-incompatible populations are poorly understood and previous studies have failed to consider all possible effects of asexual reproduction or could only speculate on those effects. In this study, we investigated how partial asexuality may affect genetic diversity at the S-locus and fitness in small self-incompatible populations. A genetic model including an S-locus and a viability locus was developed to perform forward simulations of the evolution of populations of various sizes. Drift combined with partial asexuality produced a decrease in the number of alleles at the S-locus. In addition, an excess of heterozygotes was present in the population, causing an increase in mutation load. This heterozygote excess was enhanced by the self-incompatibility system in small populations. In addition, in highly asexual populations, individuals produced asexually had some fitness advantages over individuals produced sexually, because sexual reproduction produces homozygotes of the deleterious allele, contrary to asexual reproduction. Our results suggest that future research on the function of asexuality for the maintenance of self-incompatibility will need to (1) account for whole-genome fitness (mutation load generated by asexuality, self-incompatibility and drift) and (2) acknowledge that the maintenance of self-incompatibility may not be independent of the maintenance of sex itself.

Estimating gametic introgression rates in a risk assessment context: a case study with Scots pine relicts.

The estimation of recent gene immigration is fundamental to a wide range of evolutionary and conservation studies. In a risk assessment context, gene flow estimation procedures are needed that are both accurate and readily amenable to formal evaluation of statistical uncertainty. However, genetic methods for estimating recent migration rates that are specific and have been thoroughly evaluated are scarce. Here we use an original and straightforward maximum-likelihood method to estimate recent uniparental gametic immigration from non-local plantations into an endangered population of the Iberian relict pine variety Pinus sylvestris var. nevadensis D. H. Christ. Our approach is not intended to ascertain population membership of individuals, but rather to obtain accurate immigration rate estimates with reliable confidence limits. We found very high (approximately 40%) pollen introgression at the seed-crop level into the Scots pine relict, and substantial (10-15%) male gametic introgression among naturally regenerated recruits. Using numerical simulation, we show that our method yields uniparental gametic immigration estimates that are expected to be virtually unbiased and usually accurate under our sampling conditions. Among four tested methods to estimate the confidence intervals for immigration estimates, the profile-likelihood method was the best, as it outperformed bootstrapping procedures and yielded coverage close to nominal limits under different sample sizes and migration rates. This study presents a method by which researchers can facilitate decision making within a gene flow risk assessment context.

Superiority of entangled measurements over all local strategies for the estimation of product coherent states.

It is shown that the ensemble {P(alpha),|alpha|alpha;{*}}, where P(alpha) is a Gaussian distribution of finite variance and |alpha is a coherent state, can be better discriminated with an entangled measurement than with any local strategy supplemented by classical communication. Although this ensemble consists of products of quasiclassical states without any squeezing, it thus exhibits a purely quantum feature. This remarkable effect is demonstrated experimentally by implementing the optimal local strategy on coherent states of light together with a global strategy that yields a higher fidelity.

Chloroplast microsatellites: measures of genetic diversity and the effect of homoplasy.

Chloroplast microsatellites have been widely used in population genetic studies of conifers in recent years. However, their haplotype configurations suggest that they could have high levels of homoplasy, thus limiting the power of these molecular markers. A coalescent-based computer simulation was used to explore the influence of homoplasy on measures of genetic diversity based on chloroplast microsatellites. The conditions of the simulation were defined to fit isolated populations originating from the colonization of one single haplotype into an area left available after a glacial retreat. Simulated data were compared with empirical data available from the literature for a species of Pinus that has expanded north after the Last Glacial Maximum. In the evaluation of genetic diversity, homoplasy was found to have little influence on Nei's unbiased haplotype diversity (H(E)) while Goldstein's genetic distance estimates (D2sh) were much more affected. The effect of the number of chloroplast microsatellite loci for evaluation of genetic diversity is also discussed.

Quantum key distillation from Gaussian states by Gaussian operations.

We study the secrecy properties of Gaussian states under Gaussian operations. Although such operations are useless for quantum distillation, we prove that it is possible to distill a secret key secure against any attack from sufficiently entangled Gaussian states with nonpositive partial transposition. Moreover, all such states allow for key distillation, when Eve is assumed to perform finite-size coherent attacks before the reconciliation process.

[Multiband spectral analysis and standardized markers of the slope of pediatric electroencephalograms]. / Análisis espectral multibanda y descriptores normalizados de pendiente de electroencefalogramas infantiles.

INTRODUCTION: The infantile electroencephalogram has been studied in connection with many cognitive disabilities. Although normal resting infantile bioelectric recordings are known, the cortical distribution of electroencephalographic frequencies during other sensory and/or cognitive mental processes is less well known. OBJECTIVE: Our interest is based on the description of EEGs of a homogeneous sample of healthy children and their relation to intellectual activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample studied was made up of 13 healthy children with an average age of 9.3 +/- 1.3 years, on whom two types of tests of attention were done. One of the tasks was a simple auditory memory test and consisted of the spoken repetition of a series of numbers previously heard, which was of variable length. The second test consisted of the identification and crossing out of one face of a series of three faces, which included one which was different from the others. The methodology chosen was electroencephalographic measurement in the frequency and temporal domains. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There was a relative increase in beta frequencies in all cortical sites which was significant in T3 and T4 with the auditory test and in all electrodes with the visual test. During auditory testing reduction in the alpha frequency was observed in frontotemporal regions. The greatest cortical variations of beta frequency occurred, in the facial test, in the electrodes O2, T6, O1, T5 and T3. The values of Hjorth complexity obtained varied within the interval 1 to 3, which was a considerably lower interval than that found in adult populations.