Oxigenoterapia Crónica Domiciliaria en el Noroeste Argentino, situación actual y propuestas de solución / Chronic Domiciliary Oxygen Therapy in Argentina's Northwest, Current Situation and Possible Solutions

Introducción: La Oxigenoterapia Crónica Domiciliaria (OCD) es una modalidad terapéutica con efectos beneficiosos conocidos y avalados por evidencia científica en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria crónica en estado estable. En nuestro medio existen controversias relacionadas con su "uso incorrecto" atribuible quizás a la falta de un marco regulatorio actualizado y un sistema de registro nacional, tal como fue recomendado por el consenso argentino de OCD. Se consideró hacer un diagnóstico de situación en la Región Noroeste Argentino (NOA) de la AAMR para elaborar propuestas concretas a futuro. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva en la Región NOA. Se determinó como población de referencia los tres sectores involucrados en la prestación de OCD: neumonólogos de la Región, delegados locales de las principales empresas proveedoras de oxígeno medicinal y representantes de los tres subsistemas de salud. Se aplicaron encuestas y entrevistas especialmente diseñadas. Resultados: 65 neumonólogos del NOA respondieron la encuesta, un 71% del total de los especialistas registrados en la AAMR. 91% prescribe OCD con un promedio de 11 pacientes por cada profesional, siendo la insuficiencia respiratoria por EPOC el diagnóstico más frecuente como indicación de oxigenoterapia. 54% considera que el equipo adjudicado al paciente no se ajusta al que prescribió. En una de las provincias se autoriza la prescripción a médicos no neumonólogos. Los representantes de las empresas proveedoras de oxígeno respondieron que trabajan según normativas de ANMAT y acorde a legislación nacional vigente. Se entrevistó a 52 obras sociales y prepagas y a tres sistemas de gestión estatal. En los subsistemas de salud la posición ante la cobertura de OCD es desigual y no poseen base de datos de pacientes con oxigenoterapia. Todos coincidieron en la necesidad de unificar las normativas y proponer un marco regulatorio único. Conclusión: El diagnóstico de situación sobre la prescripción y prestación de la oxigenoterapia en el NOA señala la falta de un marco regulatorio que contemple todos los aspectos de la OCD. Las normativas existentes no son suficientes para la correcta utilización de la terapéutica y la implementación de las recomendaciones del consenso argentino no fueron las esperadas. El grupo de trabajo elaboró propuestas como actualización del Consenso Nacional de OCD, creación de un Sistema Nacional de Registro y confección de un "Instrumento Legal" que respalde el tratamiento con oxígeno, medidas destinadas a una distribución más equitativa de los gastos en Salud.

Introduction: Chronic Domiciliary Oxygen Therapy (OCD) is a therapeutic modality with beneficial effects known and supported by scientifc evidence in patients with chronic respiratory failure in stable condition. In our area there are controversies related to their "misuse" perhaps attributable to the lack of an updated regulatory framework and a national registration system, as was recommended by the Argentine consensus of OCD. It was performed a diagnosis of the current situation in Northwest Argentina (NOA)-AAMR Region to develop concrete future proposals. Material and Methods: A descriptive research was carried out in the NOA Region. The reference population was determined by the three sectors involved in the provision of OCD: pulmonologists in the region, the main suppliers of medical oxygen and the three health subsystems. Surveys and interviews especially designed were applied. Results: 65 pulmonologists of NOA responded (71% of the overall of specialists in NOA): 91% prescribed OCD, with an average of 11 patients per professional. Respiratory failure due to COPD was the most common indication of oxygen therapy. 54% believe that the equipment awarded to the patient does not conform to that prescribe. In one of the provinces, not pulmonologists physicians were authorized to prescribing OCD. Representatives of oxygen suppliers responded working under the ANMAT regulations and national legislation. Data of 52 Social Work and Private Medicine and also information of three system of state management were obtained. Health subsystems coverage is uneven and reported not having database. All agreed on the need to unify regulations and propose a single regulatory framework. Conclusion: The diagnosis of the situation on the prescription and delivery of oxygen therapy in the NOA notes the lack of a regulatory framework in Argentina that covers all aspects of OCD. Existing regulations are not sufficient for the proper use of the OCD and the implementations of the recommendations of the Argentine consensus were not expected. The working group developed proposals as updating the National OCD Consensus, the creation of a National Registration System and the construction of a "legal instrument" to support oxygen treatment, all measures aimed at a more equitable distribution of expenses Health.

Domain motion in the voter model with noise.

We study the voter model with noise on one-dimensional chains using Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling techniques. We observe that the system evolution toward consensus is deeply affected by the addition of noise, and that the time to reach complete ordering increases with the noise parameter q. In particular, the simulations show that the average domain size scales as xi approximately q(-1/2) whereas the magnetization scales with the number of nodes as m approximately N(-1/2).

GHB. Club drug or confusing artifact?

GHB can be produced either as a pre- or postmortem artifact. The authors describe two cases in which GHB was detected and discuss the problem of determining the role of GHB in each case. In both cases, NaF-preserved blood and urine were analyzed using gas chromatography. The first decedent, a known methamphetamine abuser, had GHB concentrations similar to those observed with subanesthetic doses (femoral blood, 159 microg/ml; urine, 1100 microg/ml). Myocardial fibrosis, in the pattern associated with stimulant abuse, was also evident. The second decedent had a normal heart but higher concentrations of GHB (femoral blood, 1.4 mg/ml; right heart, 1.1 mg/ml; urine, 6.0 mg/ml). Blood cocaine and MDMA levels were 420 and 730 ng/ml, respectively. Both decedents had been drinking and were in a postabsorptive state, with blood to vitreous ratios of less than 0.90. If NaF is not used as a preservative, GHB is produced as an artifact. Therefore, the mere demonstration of GHB does not prove causality or even necessarily that GHB was ingested. Blood and urine GHB concentrations in case 1 can be produced by a therapeutic dose of 100 mg, and myocardial fibrosis may have had more to do with the cause of death than GHB. The history in case 2 is consistent with the substantial GHB ingestion, but other drugs, including ethanol, were also detected. Ethanol interferes with GHB metabolism, preventing GHB breakdown, raising blood concentrations, and making respiratory arrest more likely. Combined investigational, autopsy, and toxicology data suggest that GHB was the cause of death in case 2 but not case 1. Given the recent discovery that postmortem GHB production occurs even in stored antemortem blood samples (provided they were preserved with citrate) and the earlier observations that de novo GHB production in urine does not occur, it is unwise to draw any inferences about causality unless (1) blood and urine are both analyzed and found to be elevated; (2) blood is collected in NaF-containing tubes; and (3) a detailed case history is obtained.

Use of liquid nitrogen to remove duct tape from a homicide victim.

Removal of duct tape or similar adhesive products from a homicide victim may be facilitated by rapidly chilling the tape surface with liquid nitrogen. Physical separation of tape layers can be performed using the same technique. Cyanoacrylate glue (i.e., "super-glue") may be used to preserve fingerprints on the outer surface of the tape for recovery, or other techniques may be used to recover fingerprints from the outer surface prior to tape removal.

Does glucagon enhance opacification of the bile ducts during intravenous cholangiography? An experimental study in dogs.

To determine the rational for the ability of glucagon to enhance opacification of the bile ducts during intravenous cholangiography, which has been claimed in recent clinical reports, experiments were performed in dogs which had had Thomas cannulas inserted. A constant step-wise infusion of iodipamide was administered with or without a bolus injection and constant infusion of glucagon. At every infusion rate of iodipamide the biliary concentration of the contrast agent was less when glucagon was administered. Glucagon caused a choleresis, but had no effect on the rate of excretion of iodipamide. It is concluded that the theory that glucagon is of value to improve opacification of the bile ducts during intravenous cholangiography is unlikely to be confirmed by further clinical trials.

The potential of iosulamide meglumine as a contrast material for intravenous cholangiography: an experimental study in dogs.

Because of relatively low acute toxicity, iosulamide meglumine has been recommended as an improved contrast material for intravenous cholangiography. It has been postulated that high doses of the compound could be given safely with the expectation of achieving greater biliary excretion and improved opacification of the biliary tree. Experiments performed in dogs show that higher rates of infusion of iosulamide result in greater urinary elimination without additional biliary excretion. Consequently, iosulamide is unlikely to have any special advantage as a contrast agent.

Complement and coagulation: causative considerations in contrast catastrophies.

Earlier studies suggest that adverse reactions to injected radiographic contrast media are idiosyncratic. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of pathophysiologic events underlying these reactions, rabbit models injected with lethal dose ranges of a cholangiographic contrast material were studied. These animals showed activation of both the complement and coagulation systems. Externally applied heat potentiated complement consumption and increased mortality. Depleting complement components C3-C9 by cobra venom factor did not prevent activation of coagulation or diminish mortality. However, depleting fibrinogen diminished complement activation and markedly diminished mortality. Heparin, administered at several hourly intervals after contrast challenge, also diminished mortality. These studies suggest that the adverse effects of contrast media in this model system are mediated chiefly by the coagulation system, and that complement, if it participates deleteriously, must involve components up to, but not including, C3. A logical role for the inhibitor of C1 esterase in adverse contrast reactions is considered.