[Comparative Characteristics of the Lipid and Fatty Acid Status of Eyed-Stage Atlantic Salmon Embryos Reared in Natural and Artificial Environments].

The lipid status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) embryos has been compared between embryos developing in incubator nests installed in the natural environment (UmbaRiver, Kola Peninsula) and those developing in a laboratory (in aquaria). The developmental stage of eye pigmentation selected for comparison is characterized by the highest sensitivity of the embryos to environmental factors. The content of certain classes of total lipids and fatty acids was different between the two groups of embryos, and the ratios between the relative content values for some of the compounds were different as well. The difference may be due to environmental factors (temperature, oxygen levels, running water in the nests, etc.) affecting the developing embryos, and they may determine the subsequent embryonic and postembryonic development of the fish.

[Dynamics of fatty acid composition of total lipids during embryonic development of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L].

Dynamics of fatty acid composition of total lipids was studied for freshwater salmon Salmo salar L. during its embryonic development from blastula (3 hours) up to hatching (108 days) as well as in unfertilized eggs. Stable amount of total and some saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of total lipids was observed during embryonic development. Considerable changes in fatty acid composition were observed at the stage of prelarvae hatching, i.e., significant decrease of (n-6) PUFA (18:2(n-6) and 20:4(n-6)) and (n-3) PUFA and increase of total and some saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids was registered. Change in saturation ratio of membrane lipids justifies the presence of the biochemical mechanism forwarded on regulation of cell membrane enzymes in accordance with the changes of internal physiological processes taking place in the organism and fluctuations of external environmental conditions or the preparation period (as reproduction). Data on peculiarities of transformation and utilization of fatty acids during salmon embryonic development may be used for understanding of their functional role in the developing organism as well as for assessing the quality of the caviar.

[Modulatory role of lipids and their fatty acids in adaptation of the White Sea mussels Mytilus edulis L. to environmental salinity changes].

Role of lipids and fatty acids (FA) in littorial and sublittorial White Sea mussels Mytilus edulis L. was studied at various stages of reproductive in the phenotypic adaptation (acclimation) to changes of the sea water salinity. The obtained data indicate differences in the mussel lipid and fatty acid spectra, which are connected both with their location (littoral and sublittoral) and with the spawning period stage (3b--release of gametes and 3c--resorption of residual sex products). Lipids and FA of both mussel groups respond to the salinity changes to the greater degree at the 3b than at the 3c stage. In the littorial mussels at the stages 3b and 3c there were revealed differently directed changes in the content of membrane lipid--cholesterol--and in the cholesterol : phospholipids ratio. In the sublittorial mussels that are less adapted to extreme action of abiotic factors, more significant changes were found in the lipid and FA compositions.

[Effect of aluminum and iron on lipid metabolism in aquatic invertebrates].

Methods of thin-layer, gas-liquid, and liquid chromatography were applied to the study of the effect of various concentrations of aluminum and iron salts on the contents of phospholipids, cholesterol, and fatty acids in the aquatic invertebrate Hydropsyche contubernalis L. (Trichoptera). It was found that the effect of the metals under study on lipid contents in living organisms depended on the composition of the aqueous medium and concentrations of the metals. Aluminum and iron altered the value of the cholesterol-to-phospholipid molar ratio. In the absence of lethal effects, this was indicative of attempts to switch adaptational biochemical mechanisms to stabilize cellular structures.

Correlation of intracellular Ca(2+)-activated proteinase activity and cholesterol content in white sea mussel (Mytilus edulis) membranes at different water saltiness.

Correlation between changes in activity of intracellular Ca(2+)-activated proteinases and cholesterol content in mussels in response to changes in habitat saltiness was detected in mollusks from littoral and sublittoral White sea zones. Calpain activity in mussels decreased in low water saltiness and increased in high saltiness in parallel with decrease in cholesterol content, which attests to decreased microviscosity and modification of permeability of biomembranes. A complex pattern of interactions between metabolic routes in mussels under conditions of different habitat saltiness was detected.

[Age-related features of cataractogenesis in salmon fry. 3. Age-related dynamics of liver lipid composition during cataractogenesis]. / Vozrastnye osobennosti kararaktogeneza v mal'kovom periode razvitiia semgi.III. Vozrastnaia dinamika lipidnogo sostava pecheni pri kataraktogeneze.

When studying the cataract pathogenesis in salmon fry, we found changes in the content of individual; phospholipid fractions and fatty acid composition in the liver of diseased and healthy fish. The age-related changes correlated with the increased antioxidant activity and decreased liver content of malondialdehyde.

[Age-related characteristics of cataractogenesis in salmon fry. II. Biochemical characteristics of eye lens during cataractogenesis]. / Vosrastnye osobennosti kataraktogeneza v mal'kovom periode razvitiia semgi. II. Biokhimicheskie osobennosti khrustalika pri kataraktogeneze.

We studied biochemical features of the lipid and phospholipid composition and patter of fatty acid spectra in lenses of one and two year old salmons bearing cataracts. The lipid complex of lenses of diseased fish underwent significant changes. Cataractogenesis was accompanied by enhanced free radical oxidation and accumulation of malone dialdehyde in lenses of salmons of various age. The intensification of oxidative processes was synchronized with the decreased level of antioxidant protection (reduced glutathione, vitamins A and E). The activity of Ca(2+)-dependent proteolytic enzymes in lenses was determined and its decrease in the case of cataract was shown.

[Age-related features of cataractogenesis in salmon fry. I. Lipid composition of the lens in normal development]. / Vozrastnye osobennosti kataraktogeneza v mal'kovom periode razvitiia semgi. I. Lipidnyi sostav khrustalikov v normal'nom razvitii.

This papers opens a series of publications on the mechanisms of cataractogenesis in the salmon fry. Biochemical features of normal lens development and cataractogenesis in fry of different age and age-related dynamics of the liver lipid composition during upon cataractogenesis will be dealt with, since lipids are most intensely synthesized in the liver, from where they are transported in the lens. Here, we describe the dynamics of lens lipid composition in the salmon fry, including the total lipid content and dynamics of individual classes. The data are analyzed on the fatty acid spectrum of the salmon fry lens, as compared to the human lens.

[Lipid metabolism of caddisfly larvae at low pH]. / Lipidnyi metabolizm lichinok rucheinikov pri nizkikh znacheniiakh pH sredy.

The influence of low pH (5.0 and 4.0) on lipid metabolism of caddisworms Hydropsyche contubernalis L. (Trichoptera) was studied in 48 h toxicity experiments. The results were correlated with lipid composition of caddisworms directly isolated from natural water. Phospholipids, cholesterol, mono-, di-, triacylglycerols, and fatty acids were detected by thin-layer and liquid chromatography. Minimal environmental changes were shown to initiate the biochemical adaptation mechanisms strengthening the cellular membranes through their condensation due to additional phospholipid and cholesterol synthesis. In the natural medium the adaptation processes are more active than in the artificial medium. More serious changes, such as pH decrease to 4.0, suppress the adaptation processes in the first medium and terminated them in the second one.

[Adaptive changes in fatty acid compositions of whitefish Coregonus lavaretus L. tissue lipids induced by anthropogenic factors]. / Adaptatsionnye izmeneniia v spektrakh zhirnykh kislot tkanevykh lipidov siga Coregonus lavaretus L. pri vliianii antropogennykh nagruzok.

Adaptive processes in the body of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.) caused by anthropogenic effects on aquatic systems were studied. It was demonstrated that the content of fatty acid acyls correlated with the water pollution level. The role of a decrease in the content of arachidonic acid in fish reproduction under adverse conditions is discussed. It is underlined that the quantitative alterations in the gonad and liver fatty acid patterns are unidirectional. A compensatory character of the changes discovered is hypothesized.

[Changes in the lipid composition of salmon liver and eye lens in cataracts]. / Izmeneniia lipidnogo sostava pecheni i khrustalikov glaz semgi pri katarakte.

The study of pathogenesis of cataract in salmon yearlings revealed changes in certain fractions of phospholipids and fatty acids in the eye lens and liver of specimens with and without cataract. The level of malonic dialdehyde in these tissues was increased, indicating an increased rate of lipid peroxidation.