[The regional aspects of social economic factors effect on morphophysiological status and somatic health of young women].

The analysis of various social, economic, and demographic factors demonstrates different degrees and directions of their impact on human body systems and human health in general. The examination of residents of several cities of Russia and neighboring countries provides an opportunity to assess strength and direction of relationship between socioeconomic factors and morphofunctional health. The comprehensive morphofunctional examination was applied to 722 young females aged 18.8±0.05 years from six cities: Moscow, Samara, Saransk, Arkhangelsk (the Russian Federation), Tiraspol (the Transdniestria Moldavian Republic), and Baku (the Republic of Azerbaijan). The economic, demographic, social and ecological indicators of the city and relevant region were considered as factors of urban environment. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (RS). was used as measure of relation between attributes. The variability of morphophysiological characteristics is hardly related to the population density (RS -0.18-0.15). At the same time the greatest contribution was demonstrated by complex of economic factors and environmental pollution (RS up to -0.29 for both). The relationships between functional indicators of cardiovascular system and economic status of the region, associated demographic factors, and indicators of air pollution were established in the surveyed cities. In overall, the results suggest that cardiovascular system is the most susceptible area to influence of city-level social economic factors and demonstrates deterioration of functional indicators under economic decline at the regional level. In other morphophysiological systems, adaptive changes were established only as tendencies. The deterioration conditions of human body systems under impact of urban environment factors is evident in some cities. The observed deterioration potentially can adversely affect health during growth and will further be aggravated by ongoing negative environmental influences. In this regard, it is necessary to enhance knowledge about impact of external influences on human health and body systems to develop directed preventive measures improving quality of life.

[The secular variability of physical development of the youth as risk factor of cardiovascular diseases].

The article discusses results of complex cross-sectional and anthropometric medical check up in the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University in 2002-2003 and 2013. The sampling covered 494 students aged 18-23 years. The check up included basic anthropometric measurements and cardiovascular parameters. The pulse pressure and Bayevsky adaptation potential were calculated. Results. The secular trend in body mass increasing was established. So, decade variations was +3.3 kg in young men (p=0.021) and +1.8 kg in girls (p=0.098). The cardiovascular system parameters degraded over ten years: occurrence of bradycardia and tachycardia increased significantly for both genders. In most observed participants in 2002-2003 the sufficient adaptation according Bayevsky was established (75.1% in young men and 71.6% in girls). Over ten years, this proportion decreased to 44.1% in young men (p=0.0000) and to 51.7% in girls (p=0.034). The percentage of adaptation failure cases increased. Conclusions. The analysis of decade dynamics demonstrated deterioration of physical development and somatic health parameters of modern youth. The established trends should be considered in planning health improving programs targeted to early prevention of cardiovascular diseases and development of adaptive capabilities of modern youth.

Express Estimation of the Biological Age by the Parameters of Body Composition in Men and Women over 50 Years.

Original formulas for rapid assessment of biological age in men and women over 50 were developed using factor analysis. The proposed technique is mainly based on the parameters of the body component composition (fat, musculoskeletal, and active cell mass, and specific metabolism) obtained using bioimpedance recording widely used in modern medicine and anthropology. The proposed formulas were tested on other samples (481 examined subjects). The developed method of express estimation of biological age differs from other models by its convenience, simplicity, low financial and time costs, and the possibility of using it in mass medico-anthropological examinations for identification of individuals/groups with accelerated rates of aging.

Waist-to-hip ratio, body-mass index, age and number of children in seven traditional societies.

It has been suggested that the preference for low WHRs evolved because low WHR provided a cue to female reproductive status and health, and therefore to her reproductive value. The present study aimed to test whether WHR might indeed be a reliable cue to female reproductive history (with lower WHRs indicating lower number of children). Previous studies showed such a relationship for modern and industrialized populations, but it has not been investigated in natural fertility, indigenous, more energy constrained populations facing greater trade-offs in energy allocation than do modern societies. Our sample comprised 925 women aged 13 to 95 years from seven non-industrial societies including tribes from Sub-Saharan Africa (Hadza, Datoga, and Isanzu), Western Siberia (Ob Ugric people: Khanty and Mansi), South America (Tsimane) and South Asia (Minahasans and Sangirese). We demonstrated a culturally stable, significant relationship between number of children and WHR among women, controlling for BMI and age. Based on these data, we suggest that WHR is a reliable cue to female reproductive history, and we discuss our results in the context of previous studies indicating usefulness of WHR as an indicator of health and fertility.

[Sex differences in the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and serum blood lipids in health youth.

Correlations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, or 25(OH)D, serum concentration with the blood levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and apolipoprotein E were analyzed in young non-overweight men (n = 40) and females (n = 61) aged 14­23 having no excess body mass. The measured variables have been standardized within each of four locality groups. The spearman rank correlation coefficients of 25(OH)D were Rsp = 0.306 (p = 0.017) with TC in females, and Rsp =­0.372 (p = 0.018).

[Comparative assessment of aging rates in population from different cities].

437 people (214 men and 223 women) at the age of 50-90 years old, residents of different cities of Russia and Pridnestrovie (Moscow, Barnaul, Tiraspol) have been examined. Using a complex of morphofunctional characteristics, parameters of the biological age have been analyzed, and groups with delayed, moderate and accelerated aging rates have been outlined. Regional peculiarities in distribution of incidence of different variants of aging rates have been revealed. In Moscow men and women, the delayed variant of development of age involution changes is the most widespread. In Tiraspol women, compared to the Moscow group, incidence of people with accelerated aging rates is 2 times higher, which can be stipulated by influence of a complex of biosocial factors.

[Biometric ranging of the corpses destroyed at the site of a catastrophe in terms of gender, longitudinal and circumferencial dimensions, and the degree of subcutaneous fat distribution].

The quantitative criteria for biometric ranging of destroyed corpses in terms of anatomical localization, gender, longitudinal length, trunk circumference, and the folds of subcutaneous fat are proposed. The wealth of anthropometric materials obtained in the studies of various Caucasoid populations was used to calculate the normative tables for biometric ranging of the decomposed corpses. The proposed technology excludes the subjective assessments for the purpose of such classification at the sites of catastrophes. Moreover, it promotes the accumulation of the variety of valuable information, such as the size of the collar, headwear, and footwear, clothing size and height, and portrait features, that can be used for victim identification.

[Medical forensic investigations of body fragments in the situations of the massive arrivals of corpses].

We propose for the first time a set of methods for the determination of sex, face shape, body length and weight for the purpose of forensic medical investigations of fragmented corpses from a mass fatality catastrophe site. The study has demonstrated a high degree of reliability of the assessment of the personality group signs based on a wealth of somatometric data with the use of the multivariate statistic methods. This work has no analogy in forensic medical studies.

[Biometric method for the description of the head of an unrecognized corpse for the purpose of personality individualization and identification].

We have determined absolute dimensions of the head and the relationship between the dimensions of its selected parts. The study enrolled adult subjects (mostly of Russian ethnicity) at the age from 17 to 22 years (1108 men and 1153 women). We calculated the normal values for the estimation of real dimensional characteristics and the frequency of their occurrence in the population. The proposed approach makes it possible to reliably identify the dimensional features of human appearance in terms of the quantitative verbal description (categories 1-5) and to reveal its most characteristic features. The results of this biometric study of the heads of unrecognized corpses obtained by the specially developed technology may be used in operational and search investigations, in the procedure of corpse identification, and forensic medical personality identification of a missing subject.

[Use of computer technologies for studying the morphological characteristics of the iris color in anthropology].

Digital images of the iris were received for study peculiarities of the iris color during the anthropological examination of 578 students aged 16-24 years. Simultaneously with the registration of the digital images, the visual assessment of the eye color was carried out using the traditional scale of Bunak, based on 12 ocular prostheses. Original software for automatic determination of the iris color based on 12 classes scale of Bunak was designed, and computer version of that scale was developed. The software proposed allows to conduct the determination of the iris color with high validity based on numerical evaluation; its application may reduce the bias due to subjective assessment and methodological divergences of the different researchers. The software designed for automatic determination of the iris color may help develop both theoretical and applied anthropology, it may be used in forensic and emergency medicine, sports medicine, medico-genetic counseling and professional selection.

[The correlations of somatic, dermatoglyphic and psychological characteristics in the structure of general human constitution from the standpoint of systemic approach].

669 young men and women aged 16-23 years were examined using a program including the measurements of 40 body, head and face parameters, fingerprinting and determination of personal psychological characteristics. On the basis of the study of the correlations between the different groups of characteristics, the evidence was obtained that supports the concept of a relative autonomy of the morpho-functional systems as an essential condition for the integrity of the organism as a whole. The coefficients of canonical correlation were calculated between the somatic and dermatoglyphic features (R=0.3), somatic sizes and psychological personality characteristics (R=0.4), psychological characteristics and the dermatoglyphic indices (R=0.4). An original model is suggested that describes the correlations of somatic, dermatoglyphic and psychological features in the structure of general human constitution on the basis of statistically significant canonical correlations (revealed by the author) and that takes in consideration the degree of the influence of genetic and social-economic complex of factors (on the basis of the literature data) on the development and formation of the investigated systems of characteristics.

[Criteria of dimensional typology of the face and body constitution of young men].

On the grounds of results of combined anthropometrical examination of 1108 Russian juveniles 17-21 years old the relationship between face dimensions and various complex of somatic characteristics and constitutional types from Shtefko-Ostrovsky scheme was studied. The medium-sized relationship (correlation coefficient less 0.6) between parameters of various morphological subsystems "face-body" was established. Two integrative indices describing general face size and shape were calculated with the method of factor analysis. The tendency to macroprosopy in the row from asthenoid to digestive constitutional type from Shtefko-Ostrovsky scheme (p < 0.001) was revealed with the help of various statistic methods. Estimating equations to determine individual variant of general face size and shape and male somatotype by V. V. Bunak and Shtefko-Ostrovsky schemes were done for practical use the received results.

[Dermatoglyphic aspects of the human morphological constitution].

The relationship between dermatoglyphic and somatical features was investigated on the basis of the comprehensive anthropological study of 242 young men and 427 girls that included finger-printing and measurement of more than 40 body, head and face parameters, and the use of different statistical methods. The relationship of somatic and dermatoglyphic characteristics detected in young men show a tendency to nonrandom increase of many skeletal body dimension parameters and body perimeters along with complication of dermatoglyphic patterns changing from the arch to the whorl type. In girls, similar regularity was detected for skin folds measured under the scapula and at the shoulder back surface. Results of canonic analysis of the skeletal parameters show significant separation of the young men group into dermatoglyphic phenotypes: complication of the finger-print pattern increases with more massive distal epiphyses of the limb bones.

[Relationships between size and shape of the face with somatic type in women].

We studied correlations between size of the face, different complexes of somatic signs and constitutional types according to the I.B. Galant's scheme basing on the materials of a complex anthropometric examination of 1153 Russian girls 16-21 years of age. We found a mean level of correlations (maximum 0.5 of the coefficient of canonic correlation) between the parameters of various morphological subsystems "face-body" The factorial analysis allowed us to obtain two integrative indices describing a total size and shape of the face. Statistical processing revealed a trend to macroprosopia in the groups from leptosomic to megalosomic constitutional types of girls from the Galant's scheme (p < 0.001). The athletic girls have more pronounced maxillofacial (visceral) part and a reduced size of the frontal face. For application in forensic-medical practice we present equations for individual estimation of the variant of a total size and shape of the face as well as female somatotype.