The single IGF-1 partial deficiency is responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction and is restored by IGF-1 replacement therapy.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We previously described in cirrhosis and aging, both conditions of IGF-1 deficiency, a clear hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction with increased oxidative damage. In both conditions, the hepatic mitochondrial function was improved with low doses of IGF-1. The aim of this work was to explore if the only mere IGF-1 partial deficiency, without any exogenous insult, is responsible for hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS: Heterozygous (igf1+/-) mice were divided into two groups: untreated and treated mice with low doses of IGF-1. WT group was used as controls. Parameters of hepatic mitochondrial function were determined by flow cytometry, antioxidant enzyme activities were determined by spectrophotometry, and electron chain transport enzyme levels were determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses. Liver expression of genes coding for proteins involved in mitochondrial protection and apoptosis was studied by microarray analysis and RT-qPCR. RESULTS: Hz mice showed a significant reduction in hepatic mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATPase activity, and an increase in intramitochondrial free radical production and proton leak rates, compared to controls. These parameters were normalized by IGF-1 replacement therapy. No significant differences were found between groups in oxygen consumption and antioxidant enzyme activities, except for catalase, whose activity was increased in both Hz groups. Relevant genes coding for proteins involved in mitochondrial protection and survival were altered in Hz group and were reverted to normal in Hz+IGF-1 group. CONCLUSIONS: The mere IGF-1 partial deficiency is per se associated with hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction sensitive to IGF-1 replacement therapy. Results in this work prove that IGF-1 is involved in hepatic mitochondrial protection, because it is able to reduce free radical production, oxidative damage and apoptosis. All these IGF-1 actions are mediated by the modulation of the expression of genes encoding citoprotective and antiapoptotic proteins.

Tumor de wilms bilateral; reporte de dos casos / Bilateral wilms tumor; two case report

El tumor de Wilms o nefroblastoma es la neoplasia maligna renal más frecuente en la infancia, siendo poco común la presentación bilateral. A continuación se presentan dos casos clínicos de pacientes sin antecedentes previos, derivados a nuestro centro por pesquisa de masa abdominal. Ingresaron al protocolo del Programa Infantil de Drogas Antineoplásicas (PINDA) para su estudio, tratamiento y seguimiento. El primer caso corresponde a una paciente de 3 años de edad con tumor de Wilms bilateral tipo blastematoso refractario a tratamiento con modificación a histología desfavorable. El segundo caso corresponde a una lactante de 1 año de edad con tumor de Wilms bilateral de tipo rabdomiomatoso refractario a tratamiento. Ambas pacientes se encuentran actualmente en seguimiento, sin signos de recidiva tumoral y con buena función renal..(AU)

Wilms' tumor or nephroblastoma is the most frequent malignant renal neoplasm in childhood, the bilateral presentation is uncommon. Below are two clinical cases of patients without previous history, referred to our center by mass research abdominal. They entered the protocol of the Children's Antineoplastic Drug Program (PINDA) for its study, treatment and monitoring. The first case corresponds to a patient of 3 years of age with bilateral blastematous Wilms tumor refractory to treatment with modification to unfavorable histology. The second case corresponds to an infant of 1 year-old with bilateral Wilms tumor of rhabdomyomatous type refractory to treatment.Both patients are currently in follow-up, with no signs of tumor recurrence and with good renal function.(AU)

Escabiosis / Scabies

No disponible

Assessing the risk of impaired glucose metabolism in overweight adolescents in a clinical setting.

OBJECTIVE: The study aims were to examine the relationship between adiposity and surrogate indices of pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity obtained from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in overweight adolescents and determine which factors best predict impaired glucose metabolism (IGM). METHODS: In a sample of adolescents (n=209) severity of overweight was determined by relative body mass index (RBMI). Insulin sensitivity (QUICKI, CISI) and beta-cell function (Fasting insulin: FI; Insulinogenic Index: deltaI30/deltaG30). RESULTS: IGM was present in 26.8% (n=56), of which five had type 2 diabetes (T2DM). IGM prevalence was similar among RBMI strata. Once RBMI reached 150%, pronounced deterioration in CISI occurred (approximately 55%) (P<0.0001) while less dramatic reductions were seen in QUICKI (P<0.05), with fasting blood glucose (FBG) and beta-cell indices remaining stable. Compared to those with normal glucose tolerance, the IGM group exhibited higher beta-cell activity (FI, P<0.0001; deltaI30/deltaG30, P=0.004) with reduced insulin sensitivity (CISI, P<0.0001; QUICKI, P<0.0002). CISI was the single predictor of IGM (P<0.0001). Low insulin sensitivity increased adolescents' chance for IGM (CISI: OR=6.49, 95%CI=2.63, 16.05, P<0.0001; QUICKI: OR=3.16, 95%CI=1.61, 6.05, P=0.0006) as did beta-cell deterioration (deltaI30/delta G30: OR=3.18, 95%CI=1.33, 7.59, P=0.0069). Normal FBG occurred in 37.5% of youth with IGM. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of IGM escalates in overweight adolescents, even at lower levels of overweight, and is associated with pronounced deterioration of insulin sensitivity. Current screening recommendations for FBG underestimate the prevalence of IGM in overweight adolescents thus limiting the opportunity for earlier intervention to prevent progression to diabetes.

Nefroma mesoblástico infantil: informe de un caso clínico y revisión bibliográfica / Mesoblastic nephroma in children: report of a clinic case and bibliographic revision

En una paciente pediátrica de 2 meses y medio se detecta por ecografía un tumor en el polo superior del riñón derecho, que debutó clínicamente por hematuria. Los exámenes de ingreso demostraron buen estado general, ausencia de masa abdominal palpable, y exámenes de laboratorio normales. La TAC abdominal confirma una masa de 3,1x 2,5cm., sin invasión aparente de la grasa perirrenal.Se somete a laparotomía exploradora que demuestra un tumor renal derecho que ocupa un 80 por ciento de éste órgano, sin compromiso ganglionar hiliar ni paraaórtico, en tanto que el riñon izquierdo está indemne.El estudio histológico concluyó que se trata de un nefroma mesoblástico, tumor infrecuente y que debe diferenciarse rigurosamente del tumor de Wilms, pues su pronóstico casi siempre es muy bueno sólo con cirugía. Se describe la lesión y los métodos aplicados para el diagnóstico diferencial. Los autores revisan la literatura disponible de estas lesiones, raras en la práctica clínica habitual

Nuevos casos de infección humana por diphyllobothrium pacificum Nybelin 1931, Margolis 1956 en Chile y su probable relación con el fenómeno de El Niño 1975-2000 / New cases of diphyllobothrium pacificum Nybelin 1931, Margolis 1956 human infection in north of Chile probably related with El Niño phenomenon 1975-2000

The effecto of El Niño/ENSO on terrestrial atmosphere appears to be extremelly clear. However there are outstanding evidences showing its effect on humans and their activities. In fact, prevalence of some parasitic infections have increased during El Niño phenomenon. The reasons for that are the migrations of sylvatic mammals, fishes and birds as well as by environmental contamination. In this report, we show evidence respect of new cases of human infection by Diphyllobothrium pacificum clearly associated with a cyclic manifestation of El Niño in the Chilean Pacific coast during 1975-2000

Clinical significance of the arthroscopic drive-through sign in shoulder surgery.

PURPOSE: During arthroscopy of the shoulder, the ability to pass the arthroscope easily between the humeral head and the glenoid at the level of the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament is considered a positive drive-through sign. The drive-through sign has been considered diagnostic of shoulder instability and has been associated with shoulder laxity and with SLAP lesions. The goal of this study was to examine the prevalence of the drive-through sign in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy and to determine its relationship to shoulder instability, shoulder laxity, and to SLAP lesions. TYPE OF STUDY: Case series. METHODS: We prospectively studied 339 patients undergoing arthroscopy of the shoulder for a variety of diagnosis from 1992 to 1998. The drive-through sign was performed with the patients in a lateral decubitus position and under general anesthesia. The drive-through sign was correlated with preoperative physical findings, intraoperative laxity testing, and with intra-articular pathology at the time of arthroscopy. RESULTS: The arthroscopic evaluation showed that drive-through sign was positive in 234 (69%) shoulders. For the diagnosis of instability, the drive-through sign had a sensitivity of 92%, a specificity of 37. 6%, a positive predictive value of 29.9%, a negative predictive value of 94.2%, and an overall accuracy of 49%. There was an association between the drive-through sign and increasing shoulder laxity, but not with SLAP lesions. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that a positive drive-through sign is not specific for shoulder instability but is associated with shoulder laxity. This arthroscopic sign should be incorporated with other factors when considering the diagnosis of instability.

Synovial chondromatosis of the shoulder associated with osteoarthritis: conservative treatment in two cases and review of the literature.

Periarticular synovial chondromatosis associated with osteoarthrosis is a rare condition that is more frequently seen in the lower extremity than in the upper extremity. In patients who have synovial chondromatosis of the joints of the lower extremity and are symptomatic, the traditional method of treatment has included open or arthroscopic synovectomy and removal of loose bodies. In cases involving the upper extremity, especially in the shoulder, patients have variable disability and may be treated successfully without surgery. Two patients who presented to our practice with shoulder symptoms due to synovial chondromatosis were treated successfully without surgery. In both patients nonoperative treatment consisting of activity modification, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication, and cryotherapy as needed led to a good result without surgical intervention.

Trombectomía venosa iliofemoral / Iliofemoral venous thrombectomy

Se analiza el caso de una niña de 14 años de edad con antecedentes de leucemia linfática aguda en fase I de quimioterapia, complicada con una pancreatitis aguda por drogas. Estando con frenación medular, desarrolla una trombosis venosa iliofemoral izquierda. Se decide tratamiento quirúrgico con trombectomía venosa, evolucionando favorablemente. Un seguimiento a los 4 años revela ausencia de secuelas postflebíticas, pese a tener 5 meses de embarazo en la actualidad

Diphyllobothriosis humana por infección por Diphyllobotrhium pacificum en un niño de 3 años en Antofagasta, Chile / Human diphyllobothriosis by diphyllobotrhium pacificum infection in a 3 years old boy at Antofagasta, Chile

La diphyllobothriosis constituye una zoonosis relacionada con el consumo de carnes crudas o insuficientemente cocida de peces de agua dulce o mar. Se presenta un caso de diphyllobothriosis por Diphyllobothrium pacificum diagnosticado en Antofagasta en un niño de tres años, residente permanente en esta ciudad-puerto del Norte de Chile. El paciente eliminó espontáneamente una estróbila de 55 cm, a partir de la cual se realizó estudio morfométrico de proglótidas y huevos, concluyéndose que se trataba de un ejemplar de D. pacificum. Se administró tratamiento con praziquantel sin que se eliminaran nuevos ejemplares ni huevos, como tampoco se presentó anemia. Se investigó al grupo familiar constituido por cuatro personas sin encontrar otros infectados. Se destaca que los 16 casos de diphyllobothriosis por D. pacificum documentados en Chile, tres corresponden a niños entre 7 y 3 años

Estudio retrospectivo de catéteres endovenosos de larga duración en niños / Retrospective study of prolonged intravenous catheter therapy in children

Los tratamientos endovenosos prolongados, inicialmente, en pacientes oncológicos, requieren de catéteresendovenosos centrales de larga duración. En nuestro hospital, este tipo de tecnología se ha utilizado desde 1989. Presentamos nuestra experiencia con 54 pacientes pediátricos que requirieron catéteres centrales endovenosos, durante los años 1989 y 1997. Se extrajeron datos de las fichas clínicas, concernientes a edad, diagnóstico, tipo de catéteres, ubicación, complicaciones, tiempo de uso del catéter, entre otros

Internal impingement of the shoulder: a clinical and arthroscopic analysis.

Internal impingement was first described by Walch in 1992 and defined as contact between the supraspinatus tendon and posterior-superior glenoid rim with the shoulder in the cocked, throwing position of 90 degrees of abduction and maximum external rotation. The hypothesis of the study was that this contact may be seen in patients who are not throwing athletes nor in those who have instability. One hundred five consecutive patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy were prospectively studied with preoperative history and physical examination. All patients underwent general anesthesia and arthroscopy with a standard posterior portal. With the patient under arthroscopy the arm was placed in abduction and external rotation until contact was made or until full elevation was reached. Eighty-five percent (N = 90) of the patients made contact between the rotator cuff and glenoid rim at an average of 95 degrees of abduction and 74 degrees of external rotation. No statistically significant relationship was seen (P > .05) between the position of contact at internal impingement and mechanism of injury, throwing versus nonthrowing, instability, rotator cuff tear, preoperative external rotation, or preoperative impingement signs. The intraoperative finding of contact of the rotator cuff to the posterosuperior glenoid with the arm in abduction and external rotation can occur in a wide spectrum of shoulder disease and is not limited to the throwing athlete. Not all patients with increased laxity and instability demonstrate this contact, suggesting that these factors may not be essential for internal impingement.

Infusion phlebitis in patients with acute pneumonia: a prospective study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To prospectively assess the relative risk for phlebitis in a series of consecutive patients with pneumonia and to identify risk factors that predict an increased risk for phlebitis. SETTING: Internal medicine department of a tertiary teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Seven hundred sixty-six consecutive patients with acute pneumonia receiving IV therapy. INTERVENTIONS: Only the first catheter was taken into account. There were 308 short lines (a 51-mm, 18-gauge Teflon catheter); 307 midsized lines (a 28-cm, 16-gauge polyvinyl chloride catheter); and 151 long lines (71-cm, 14-gauge plain polyurethane catheter). Eighteen variables were prospectively evaluated in an open, nonrandomized study for their contribution to the occurrence of phlebitis. RESULTS: The overall phlebitis rate was 39%. Phlebitis developed in 53% of patients with short lines, in 41% of patients with midsized lines, and in 10% of patients with long lines, and these catheters remained in place an average (+/- SD) of 3.0+/-2.4 days, 4.6+/-3.4 days, and 7.8+/-6.6 days, respectively. The variables that influenced the development of phlebitis, as determined by multivariate analysis, were the following: type of catheter; blood hemoglobin levels; and IV therapy with either corticosteroids or erythromycin. CONCLUSIONS: According to our data, when the use of a catheter is expected to be required for < or = 36 h, a short line can be used. If a longer duration is expected, a longer line is warranted. Ours is the first study in which the relationship between blood hemoglobin levels and phlebitis has been reported. Because the use of intravascular devices is increasingly common, a more complete knowledge of the factors that influence their acceptance has become essential.

Difilobotriasis humana por diphyllobothrium pacificum: un nuevo caso en Antofagasta, norte de Chile / Diphyllobothrium pacificum human infection: report of one case

We report a 26 years old asymptomatic female that expelled spontaneously a 39 proglottid strobila. The taxonomic study of proglottids and eggs found in the stool examination concluded that the patient was infected by Diphyllobothrium pacificum. This infection was probably acquired by the ingestion of raw fish (Sciaena deliciosa) with lemon in a traditional plate called "cebiche". She was treated with a single dose of praziquantel in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. After 24 h of treatment there were no scolices on feces. The patient did not have anemia. All eight family members studied, did no have the infection. A follow up stool examination three months later remained negative

A virtual surgical simulator for the lower limbs.

As the body of knowledge concerning human anatomy and physiology continues to grow, new techniques must emerge to convey it more efficiently to future health care professionals. Computer simulation, interaction and visualization technologies are now being used in the development of virtual training environments. This paper presents a real-time virtual surgical simulator that integrates scientific visualization tools into a surround-screen projection-based (SSPB) immersive environment. This environment focuses on procedures for the lower limbs; however, the techniques described can be applied to other portions of the body. The research consists of three phases: environment modeling, volume visualization and immersive surgical simulation. Environment modeling involved modeling an operating room with all of the relevant elements. The volume visualization phase required the application of marching cubes and decimation techniques to the Visible Human Project (VHP) dataset to generate models of the lower limbs. The simulator integrated modeling and volume visualization to facilitate the rehearsal of medical procedures and interaction with medical information. Interactive cutting, suturing and X-Ray CT placement over the virtual patient's legs were used to probe underlying structures. The simulator is intended to aid medical students in learning anatomy, physiology and radiological analysis without jeopardizing patient care.

Gender differences in navigating virtual worlds.

Navigation and wayfinding are key human factors in information processing and performance in the virtual worlds. Earlier studies have focussed on finding effective navigational aids that would support skilled wayfinding behavior of humans in large virtual worlds. Also, on a separate but related field there have been speculations that there exist biological differences between men and women's directional sense that leads to difference in performances on everyday spatial tasks in the real world. This paper focuses on findings of an experiment that was designed to elucidate the gender differences in navigating a dense, large virtual world namely the virtual Iowa State University (ISU) campus simulated in the projection based C2 virtual reality system. Equal number of subjects from both the genders with varied background (age, computer skills etc.) were assigned tasks that required them to navigate their way from one location to another within the school campus. Performance in the virtual world was studied in terms of time taken, distance traveled, number of wrong turns, number of times the subject got lost and navigation strategies/techniques used by the subjects. We conclude that there are reliable gender based differences in navigating large virtual worlds.

The deceptive nature of clavicle fractures in young patients.

A shoulder injury that would cause an acromioclavicular (AC) separation in an adult generally causes a clavicle fracture in a young patient. As illustrated in a case report, the two injuries can look similar on a standard x-ray. Conservative treatment and prognosis for both clavicle fractures and AC separations are similar, but because some AC separations require surgical repair, accurate diagnosis is important. This can be done by obtaining x-rays at one-half of the standard exposure, including AP views with 10 degrees to 15 degrees of cephalic tilt. Spot or cone-down views and comparison views are also helpful.

Ganglioneuroma del torax / Thorax ganglioneuroma

Presentamos el caso clínico de un ganglioneuroma mediastínico en un menor de 12 años de edad, estudiado en cardiología infantil y hematología infantil del Hospital Gustavo Fricke de Viña del Mar. La revisión bibliográfica permite corroborar la rareza de la lesión, la importancia de una buena imagenología para una aproximación diagnóstica y su buen pronóstico al ser extirpados en su totalidad