Empirical model to assess leaching of pesticides in soil under a steady-state flow and tropical conditions.

Abstract: An empirical model of leaching of pesticides was developed to simulate the concentration of fungicides throughout unsaturated soil. The model was based on chemical reactions and the travel time of a conservative tracer to represent the travel time required for water to flow between soil layers. The model's performance was then tested using experimental data from dimethomorph and pyrimethanil applied to the soil under field and laboratory conditions. The empirical model simulated fungicide concentration on soil solids and in soil solution at different depths over time (mean square error between 2.9 mg2 kg-2 and 61mg2 kg-2) using sorption percentages and degradation rates under laboratory conditions. The sorption process was affected by the organic carbon, clay, and the effective cation exchange capacity of the soil. The degradation rate values of dimethomorph (0.039 d-1-0.009 d-1) and pyrimethanil (0.053 d-1-0.004 d-1) decreased from 0 to 40 cm and then remained constant in deeper soil layers (60-80 cm). Fungicide degradation was a critical input in the model at subsurface layers. The model was determined to be a reliable mathematical tool to estimate the leachability of pesticides in tropical soil under a steady-state flow. It may be extended to other substances and soils for environmental risk assessment projects. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13762-023-05038-w.

Estado cognitivo y funcional a largo plazo en supervivientes de una hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática: análisis de una cohorte retrospectiva / Long-term cognitive and functional status in survivors of an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Analysis of a retrospective cohort

Objetivo: Existe poca información sobre los resultados funcionales y cognitivos a largo plazo en pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática (HSA). El objetivo principal fue evaluar la situación cognitiva, funcional, anímica y la calidad de vida en personas con HSA a largo plazo. Pacientes y método: Estudio de corte transversal de una cohorte de 40 pacientes (edad media 58,2 [DE 9,9] años) con HSA ingresados en la unidad de Rehabilitación neurológica entre enero del 2010 a julio del 2017. Variables de resultado: estado cognitivo (cuestionario de Pfeiffer), nivel funcional (índice de Barthel), depresión (escala de Hamilton) y calidad de vida (European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions [EQ-5D]), así como las terapias de rehabilitación realizadas en un seguimiento mínimo de seis meses post-HSA. Resultados: De 35 pacientes con alteraciones cognitivas en fase aguda, solo 12 realizaron terapia cognitiva tras el alta hospitalaria. En el seguimiento a largo plazo, los déficits cognitivos persistían en 22 casos, y en comparación con el resto, presentaban peores puntuaciones en el índice de Barthel (15,5 [IC 95% 1,2 a 29,7]), la escala de Hamilton (-0,8 [IC 95% -1,27 a -0,37]), y la EQ-5D (27,6 [IC 95% 12,4 a 19]). Conclusión: La prevalencia de déficits cognitivos a largo plazo en supervivientes de una HSA es alta y su presencia se relaciona con un peor estado funcional, más depresión y peor calidad de vida. El bajo porcentaje de individuos que realizan terapia cognitiva en su proceso de rehabilitación junto con las repercusiones clínicas observadas apoyan la necesidad de incluir las terapias neurocognitivas en los programas de rehabilitación de las HSA.(AU)

Objective: Little data is available on long-term functional and cognitive outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (ASH). The main objective of this study was to assess cognition, functional state, mood disorders, and quality of life in patients with SAH at least six months following the ASH. Patients and methods: Cross-sectional study of 40 patients (aged 58.2 [SD 9.9] years) with ASH, discharged from a Neurologic Rehabilitation unit between January 2010 and July 2017. Main outcome variables: functional status (Barthel index), cognition (Pfeiffer questionnaire), depression (Hamilton scale), and health-related quality of life (European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions [EQ-5D]), as well as type and duration of therapeutic rehabilitation procedures after discharge. Results: From 35 patients with cognitive disorders, only 12 received cognitive therapy at hospital discharge. In the long-term follow-up, cognitive impairment persisted in 22 patients. When compared with those without cognitive impairment, they presented significantly worse mean differences in the Barthel index (15.5 [95% CI: 1.2-29.7]), Hamilton scale (-0.8 [95% CI: -1.27 to -0.37]), and EQ-5D (27.6 [95% CI: 12.4-19]). Conclusion: The prevalence of long-term cognitive impairments in survivors of a SAH episode is high, and their presence is associated with worse functional status, more depression and worse quality of life. The low percentage of subjects who received cognitive therapies through their recovery process and the clinical implications observed, support the need of including neuropsychological therapies in the rehabilitation programs after an SAH event.(AU)

[Long-term cognitive and functional status in survivors of an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Analysis of a retrospective cohort]. / Estado cognitivo y funcional a largo plazo en supervivientes de una hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática: análisis de una cohorte retrospectiva.

OBJECTIVE: Little data is available on long-term functional and cognitive outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (ASH). The main objective of this study was to assess cognition, functional state, mood disorders, and quality of life in patients with SAH at least six months following the ASH. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 40 patients (aged 58.2 [SD 9.9] years) with ASH, discharged from a Neurologic Rehabilitation unit between January 2010 and July 2017. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: functional status (Barthel index), cognition (Pfeiffer questionnaire), depression (Hamilton scale), and health-related quality of life (European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions [EQ-5D]), as well as type and duration of therapeutic rehabilitation procedures after discharge. RESULTS: From 35 patients with cognitive disorders, only 12 received cognitive therapy at hospital discharge. In the long-term follow-up, cognitive impairment persisted in 22 patients. When compared with those without cognitive impairment, they presented significantly worse mean differences in the Barthel index (15.5 [95% CI: 1.2-29.7]), Hamilton scale (-0.8 [95% CI: -1.27 to -0.37]), and EQ-5D (27.6 [95% CI: 12.4-19]). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of long-term cognitive impairments in survivors of a SAH episode is high, and their presence is associated with worse functional status, more depression and worse quality of life. The low percentage of subjects who received cognitive therapies through their recovery process and the clinical implications observed, support the need of including neuropsychological therapies in the rehabilitation programs after an SAH event.

Paraganglioma yugular bilateral: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Bilateral jugular paraganglioma: case report and review of the literature

Resumen El paraganglioma (PG) es una neoplasia infrecuente originada de las células paraganglionares, embriológicamente derivadas de la cresta neural. Se localizan en la cabeza, base de cráneo, cuello, mediastino, abdomen y pelvis. La mayor parte de los PG muestran un curso clínico benigno, sin embargo, algunos casos pueden mostrar un comportamiento biológico agresivo con invasión local y metástasis a distancia. Un avance significativo en patología molecular ha sido el reconocimiento que el 30%-40% de estas neoplasias presentan alteraciones genéticas. Se han descrito más de 45 genes involucrados, incluyendo mutaciones de la línea germinal succinato deshidrogenasa. Actualmente se recomienda hacer test genético a todos los portadores de PG incluyendo los de presentación esporádica. El PG más frecuente se ubica en la glándula suprarrenal llamado feocromocitoma. El diagnóstico definitivo se realiza con histología, sin embargo, el estudio imagenológico puede entregar una aproximación diagnóstica certera. Debido a la aceptación actual que todos los PG tienen potencial metastásico, el concepto de PG benigno y maligno ha cambiado a uno de estimación de riesgo de metástasis, aunque no existe un esquema único aceptado para tal efecto. El tratamiento considera la cirugía, la radioterapia, la observación y terapias combinadas. Dado el lento crecimiento de este tipo de neoplasia y las potenciales complicaciones de la terapia quirúrgica, la observación es una opción especialmente para pacientes añosos dejando las otras opciones para pacientes más jóvenes. En este trabajo se presenta un caso de paraganglioma yugular bilateral gigante tratado con radioterapia de intensidad modulada incluyendo una revisión bibliográfica pertinente.

Abstract Paraganglioma (PG) is a rare neoplasm derived from paraganglionic cells of the neural crest. They are located in the head, skull base, neck, mediastinum, abdomen and pelvis. Most PGs show a benign clinical course, however, some cases may show aggressive biological behavior with local invasion and distant metastasis. A significant advance in molecular pathology has been the recognition that 30%-40% of these neoplasms present genetic alterations; more than 45 genes have been described, including mutations of the germline succinate dehydrogenase. Currently it is recommended to make genetic test to all patients with PG, including sporadic presentation. The most frequent PG is located in the adrenal gland called pheochromocytoma. The definitive diagnosis is made with histology; however, the imaging study can provide an accurate diagnostic approach. It is now accepted that all PG have a metastatic potential, therefore the concept of benign or malignant has been changed to a metastasis risk stratification approach however no single scheme is been widely used. The treatment considers surgery, radiotherapy, observation and combination therapies. Given the slow growth of this type of neoplasia and the potential complications of surgical therapy, observation is an option especially for elderly patients leaving the other options for younger patients. In this work we present a case of giant bilateral jugular paraganglioma treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy, including a pertinent literature review.

Evaluación de los resultados de aprendizaje de un curso de introducción a la anestesiología basado en simulación clínica / Learning outcomes evaluation of a simulation-based introductory course to anaesthesia

Objetivo. Se han evidenciado más errores y menor seguridad de los pacientes durante el periodo de incorporación de los residentes. Se evaluaron los resultados de aprendizaje de las competencias de valoración y control de la vía aérea, y cateterización epidural tras un curso de introducción a la anestesiología basado en simulación clínica antes de comenzar las rotaciones. Material y método. Participaron 12 residentes de anestesiología. Se estudió la transferencia de las competencias aprendidas durante el curso a la clínica (variable principal). Se utilizó una rúbrica de 28 habilidades y comportamientos para evaluar la primera intubación supervisada en pacientes ASA I/II. La variable secundaria fue el grado de autoeficacia para realizar la cateterización epidural y se valoró mediante preguntas de autoevaluación. Se realizó una encuesta de satisfacción. Se describieron las variables cualitativas (método Wilson) y las numéricas con la media y la desviación estándar (tras la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk). Resultados. Durante la primera intubación en pacientes se encontró que el 75% de los participantes completaron más de 21 habilidades de valoración y control de la vía aérea de un total de 28. Doce fueron completadas por todos ellos y 5 por la mitad. Más del 83% de los participantes refirieron un alto grado de autoeficacia para la cateterización epidural. Todos los participantes recomendarían el curso. Conclusiones. El rendimiento de los residentes de anestesiología al realizar por primera vez en pacientes la valoración y control de la vía aérea, y el grado de autoeficacia para la cateterización epidural fueron elevados tras un curso intensivo de simulación al comenzar la residencia (AU)

Objective. An increased number of errors and reduced patient safety have been reported during the incorporation of residents, as this period involves learning new skills. The objectives were to evaluate the learning outcomes of an immersive simulation boot-camp for incoming residents before starting the clinical rotations. Airway assessment, airway control with direct laryngoscopy, and epidural catheterization competencies were evaluated. Material and method. Twelve first-year anaesthesiology residents participated. A prospective study to evaluate transfer of endotracheal intubation skills learned at the simulation centre to clinical practice (primary outcome) was conducted. A checklist of 28 skills and behaviours was used to assess the first supervised intubation performed during anaesthesia induction in ASA I/II patients. Secondary outcome was self-efficacy to perform epidural catheterization. A satisfaction survey was also performed. Results. Seventy-five percent of residents completed more than 21 out of 28 skills and behaviours to assess and control the airway during their first intubation in patients. Twelve items were performed by all residents and 5 by half of them. More than 83% of participants reported a high level of self-efficacy in placing an epidural catheter. All participants would recommend the course to their colleagues. Conclusions. A focused intensive simulation-based boot-camp addressing key competencies required to begin anaesthesia residency was well received, and led to transfer of airway management skills learned to clinical settings when performing for first time on patients, and to increased self-reported efficacy in performing epidural catheterization (AU)

Learning outcomes evaluation of a simulation-based introductory course to anaesthesia. / Evaluación de los resultados de aprendizaje de un curso de introducción a la anestesiología basado en simulación clínica.

OBJECTIVE: An increased number of errors and reduced patient safety have been reported during the incorporation of residents, as this period involves learning new skills. The objectives were to evaluate the learning outcomes of an immersive simulation boot-camp for incoming residents before starting the clinical rotations. Airway assessment, airway control with direct laryngoscopy, and epidural catheterization competencies were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Twelve first-year anaesthesiology residents participated. A prospective study to evaluate transfer of endotracheal intubation skills learned at the simulation centre to clinical practice (primary outcome) was conducted. A checklist of 28 skills and behaviours was used to assess the first supervised intubation performed during anaesthesia induction in ASA I/II patients. Secondary outcome was self-efficacy to perform epidural catheterization. A satisfaction survey was also performed. RESULTS: Seventy-five percent of residents completed more than 21 out of 28 skills and behaviours to assess and control the airway during their first intubation in patients. Twelve items were performed by all residents and 5 by half of them. More than 83% of participants reported a high level of self-efficacy in placing an epidural catheter. All participants would recommend the course to their colleagues. CONCLUSIONS: A focused intensive simulation-based boot-camp addressing key competencies required to begin anaesthesia residency was well received, and led to transfer of airway management skills learned to clinical settings when performing for first time on patients, and to increased self-reported efficacy in performing epidural catheterization.

Osteogénesis imperfecta, reporte de un caso / Osteogenesis imperfecta, a case report

INTRODUCCIÓN: La osteogénesis imperfecta (OI) es un trastorno hereditario del tejido conectivo fenotípicamente heterogéneo. Formas leves de OI suelen presentar fragilidad ósea mínima y estatura normal pudiendo manifestarse sólo por osteoporosis precoz o pérdida mineral ósea grave posmenopáusica. El cuadro moderado - severo presenta fracturas múltiples con trauma mínimo (o nulo) y deformidades óseas de grado variable. Forma más severa produce la muerte en el período perinatal. PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: Lactante varón 2 años 7 meses, nacido de término por parto normal, pequeño para edad gestacional severo, primogénito de madre adolescente y padre con antecedente OI. Se mantuvo hospitalizado para control de crecimiento ponderal, no encontrándose patología agregada. Tras alta, paciente fue citado a policlínico de genética por antecedente OI, sin asistir. Al año de edad, fue derivado por fractura fémur derecho posterior a trauma aparentemente mínimo, hospitalizándose para manejo con observación de OI y probable violencia intrafamiliar. Primera evaluación genética no impresionó OI, luego endocrinología solicitó estudio bioquímico y radiológico completo ambulatorio. Posteriormente, consultó por fractura fémur izquierdo con fractura tibial derecha previamente no diagnosticada. Tras reevaluación genética, destacaban retraso de talla y múltiples dismorfias corcordantes, diagnosticándose OI leve-moderada por clínica y antecedente familiar. Equipo endocrinología inició tratamiento con bifosfonatos. Evoluciona con fractura codo y nueva fractura fémur derecho tras caída. DISCUSIÓN: La OI es una patología frecuente con manifestaciones heterogéneas con diagnóstico sencillo ante fragilidad ósea, manifestaciones extraesqueléticas e historia familiar positiva. El diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno permitirían minimizar complicaciones y maximizar capacidad funcional.

INTRODUCTION: The osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a phenotypically heterogeneous hereditary connective tissue disease. The mild forms of OI tends to show minimum fragility on bones and normal height which could only be manifested as an early osteoporosis or serious postmenopausal bone density loss. The severe clinic picture shows multiple fractures with minimum trauma and bone deformity. The most severe form causes perinatal death. CASE REPORT: A breastfed infant boy of two years and seven months, born by natural birth, very small for gestational age, first born of a teenage mother and a father with OI. He was, first hospitalized for weight and growth control. No pathological findings were recognized. After the discharge, he did not attend to the genetic control. At one year old, he was sent with a right femur fracture after a minimum trauma. He was hospitalized suspecting OI and possible domestic violence. A first genetic evaluation did not match with OI, then endocrinology requested a complete radiological study. The biochemical study was normal. Then, he presented left femur and right tibia fracture. The genetic reevaluation, found multiple dysmorphic characteristic and late size development, which confirmed a mild form of OI. A biphosphonates treatment was initiated. DISCUSSION: The OI is a frequent disease with heterogeneous manifestations. The diagnosis is simple, bases on bone fragility, extra skeletal manifestations and familiar history. An early diagnosis and treatment could minimize complications and maximize mobility and functional capacity.