Pre- and post-natal macronutrient supplementation for HIV-positive women in Tanzania: Effects on infant birth weight and HIV transmission.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if a protein-calorie supplement (PCS) plus a micronutrient supplement (MNS) improves outcomes for HIV-infected lactating women and their infants. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. SUBJECTS, PARTICIPANTS: Pregnant HIV-infected women enrolled in PMTCT programs who intended to breastfeed for 6 months. INTERVENTION: Randomization 1:1 to administration of a PCS plus MNS versus MNS alone among 96 eligible women beginning in the third trimester and continuing for 6 months of breast-feeding. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Primary: infant weight at 3 months. Secondary: maternal BMI at 6 months. RESULTS: PCS resulted in significant increases in daily energy intake compared to MNS at all time points (range of differences: +388-719 Kcal); and increases in daily protein intake (range of differences: +22-33 gm). Infant birth weight (excluding twins) was higher in the PCS than MNS groups: 3.30 kg vs 3.04 kg (p = 0.04). Infant weight at 3 months did not differ between PCS and MNS groups: 5.63 kg vs 5.99 kg (p = 0.07). Maternal BMI at 6 months did not differ between PCS and MNS groups: 24.3 vs 23.8 kg/m2 (p = 0.68). HIV transmission occurred in 0 infants in the PCS group vs 4 in the MNS group (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to MNS the PCS + MNS intervention was well tolerated, increased maternal energy and protein intake, and increased infant birth weight, but not weight at 3 months or maternal BMI at 6 months. Reduced infant HIV transmission in the PCS + MNS group was observed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.Gov NCT01461863.

Policy makers' perspective on the provision of maternal health services via mobile health clinics in Tanzania-Findings from key informant interviews.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the operational feasibility of using mobile health clinics to reach the chronically underserved population with maternal and child health (MCH) services in Tanzania. DESIGN: We conducted fifteen key informant interviews (KIIs) with policy makers and district health officials to explore issues related to mobile health clinic implementation and their perceived impact. MAIN RESULTS: Policy makers' perspective indicates that mobile health clinics have improved coverage of essential maternal and child health interventions; however, they face financial, human resource-related and logistic constraints. Reported are the increased engagement of the community and awareness of the importance of MCH services, which is believed to have a positive effect on uptake of services. Key informants (KIs)' perceptions and opinions were generally in favour of the mobile clinics, with few cautioning on their potential to provide care in a manner that promotes a continuum of care. Immunization, antenatal care, postnatal care and growth monitoring all seem to be successfully implemented in this mode of service delivery. Nevertheless, all informants perceive mobile clinics as a resource intensive yet unavoidable mode of service delivery given the current situation of having women and children residing in remote settings. CONCLUSION: While the government shows the clear motive, the need and the willingness to continue providing services in this mode, the plan to sustain them is still a puzzle. We argue that the continuing need for these services should go hand in hand with proper planning and resource mobilization to ensure that they are being implemented holistically and to promote the provision of quality services and continuity of care. Plans to evaluate their costs and effectiveness are crucial, and that will require the collection of relevant health information including outcome data to allow sound evaluations to take place.

Utilization of cervical cancer screening services and its associated factors among primary school teachers in Ilala Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide cervical cancer is one of the more common forms of carcinoma among women, causing high morbidity and high mortality. Despite being a major health problem in Tanzania, screening services for cervical cancer are very limited, and uptake of those services is low. We therefore conducted a study to investigate utilization of cancer screening services, and its associated factors among female primary school teachers in Ilala Municipality, Dar es Salaam. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional study between May - August 2011 which involved 110 primary schools in Ilala Municipality in Dar es Salaam. Five hundred and twelve female primary school teachers were sampled using a two-stage cluster sampling procedure. Data on utilization of cervical cancer and risk factors were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Proportional utilization of cervical cancer screening services was identified through a self report. Risk factors for services utilization were assessed using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Out of 512 female primary school teachers, only 108 (21 %) reported to ever been screened for cervical cancer. Utilization of cervical cancer screening services was 28 % among those aged 20-29, 22 % among married and 24 % among those with higher level of education. Women were more likely to utilize the cancer-screening service if they were multiparous (age-adjusted OR = 3.05, 95 % CI 1.15-8.06, P value 0.025), or reported more than one lifetime sexual partner (age-adjusted OR 2.17, 95 % CI 1.04-4.54, P value 0.038), or did not involve their spouse in making health decisions (adjusted OR 3.56, 95 % CI 2.05-6.18, P value <0.001). CONCLUSION: The study has demonstrated low level of utilization of cervical cancer screening service among female primary school teachers in Ilala munipality. Female primary school teachers with more than one previous pregnancy and those with more than one life-time sex partners were more likely to report utilization of the service. Spouse or partners support was an important factor in the utilization of cervical cancer screening service amongst the study population.