Direct in situ observation of ZnO nucleation and growth via transmission X-ray microscopy.

The nucleation and growth of a nanostructure controls its size and morphology, and ultimately its functional properties. Hence it is crucial to investigate growth mechanisms under relevant growth conditions at the nanometer length scale. Here we image the nucleation and growth of electrodeposited ZnO nanostructures in situ, using a transmission X-ray microscope and specially designed electrochemical cell. We show that this imaging technique leads to new insights into the nucleation and growth mechanisms in electrodeposited ZnO including direct, in situ observations of instantaneous versus delayed nucleation.

Agglutination of single catalyst particles during fluid catalytic cracking as observed by X-ray nanotomography.

Metal accumulation at the catalyst particle surface plays a role in particle agglutination during fluid catalytic cracking.