Determination of the ideal volume of activating solution and the optimal ratio of spermatozoa per oocyte for Prochilodus brevis fertilization.

Prochilodus brevis is a rheophilic species with a threatened natural population that promotes studies aimed at optimizing reproduction in captivity. The correct quantity of inseminating dose and activating solution volume significantly improves fertilization rates, thereby increasing productivity in captivity. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of sperm per oocyte and the ideal volume of activating solution to be used in the assisted fertilization of P. brevis. Gametes were collected and fertilization performed in two steps. In step 1, the ideal proportion of spermatozoa was determined based on the fertilization rate:oocyte by testing six doses of semen: D1 = 30 × 103, D2 = 150 × 103, D3 = 300 × 103, D4 = 3 × 106, D5 = 5 × 106, and D6 = 10 × 106. In step 2, the fertilization and hatching rates were evaluated using different volumes of activating solution (V1 - 25 ml, V2 - 50 ml, V3 - 75 ml,V4 - 100 ml, V5 - 125 ml, and V6 - 150 ml). A linear regression equation was estimated from steps 1 and 2. The Student-Newman-Keuls test was used to compare the means. In step 1, the percentage of fertilization increased linearly, reaching a plateau of 51.69%. In step 2, the best fertilization rates were obtained with an estimated ideal volume of 75.64 ml per 2 ml of oocytes. Therefore, the proportion of 928,410.29 sperm:oocyte, associated with the volume of 75.64 ml of water per 2 ml of oocytes, provided the maximum reproductive performance for P. brevis.

Reprodução de peixes reofílicos nativos do Brasil: fertilização artificial e qualidade da água / Reproduction of brazilian reofilic fish: artificial fertilization and water quality

A demanda de pescado tem aumentado, sendo impulsionada pelo crescimento populacional e a busca por alimentos saudáveis indicado para o consumo humano. No entanto, a pesca predatória e a degradação do ambiente natural estão levando ao declínio das populações naturais de peixes. Nesse contexto, a expansão da piscicultura mostra-se como uma boa alternativa para contornar tais problemas. Para isso, é importante conhecer as principais técnicas reprodutivas adotadas e determinar o protocolo adequado para cada espécie. Alguns aspectos importantes devem ser considerados, como a técnica de indução à reprodução, o tipo de desova, a taxa de fertilização e eclosão dos ovos, bem como o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento embrionário e larval, além de normalidade e sobrevivência das larvas. Outros pontos importantes são o monitoramento e o controle da qualidade da água, observando parâmetros físicos e químicos, pois afetam diretamente o desenvolvimento dos organismos aquáticos. O objetivo da presente revisão foi apresentar os principais protocolos de manejo reprodutivo e parâmetros de qualidade de água na rotina de fertilização artificial de peixes reofílicos nativos do Brasil.(AU)

The fish has increased demand driven by population growth and the search for healthful foods suitable for human consumption. However, overfishing and degradation of the natural environment are leading to the decline of natural fish populations. Within context, the expansion of fish farming is a good alternative to overcome such problems. Therefore, it is important to understand the main reproductive techniques used and determine the proper protocol for each species. Some important aspects should be considered such as fish induced breeding techniques, spawning type, fertilization and hatching rate, as well as monitoring the embryonic and larval development, besides the normality and larvae survival. Other important points are the monitoring and control of water quality, observing the physical and chemical variables, as they directly affect the development of aquatic organisms. The aim of this review was to present the main protocols of reproductive management and water quality parameters in the routine of artificial fertilization of brazilian native reofilic fish.(AU)

Reprodução de peixes reofílicos nativos do Brasil: fertilização artificial e qualidade da água / Reproduction of brazilian reofilic fish: artificial fertilization and water quality

A demanda de pescado tem aumentado, sendo impulsionada pelo crescimento populacional e a busca por alimentos saudáveis indicado para o consumo humano. No entanto, a pesca predatória e a degradação do ambiente natural estão levando ao declínio das populações naturais de peixes. Nesse contexto, a expansão da piscicultura mostra-se como uma boa alternativa para contornar tais problemas. Para isso, é importante conhecer as principais técnicas reprodutivas adotadas e determinar o protocolo adequado para cada espécie. Alguns aspectos importantes devem ser considerados, como a técnica de indução à reprodução, o tipo de desova, a taxa de fertilização e eclosão dos ovos, bem como o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento embrionário e larval, além de normalidade e sobrevivência das larvas. Outros pontos importantes são o monitoramento e o controle da qualidade da água, observando parâmetros físicos e químicos, pois afetam diretamente o desenvolvimento dos organismos aquáticos. O objetivo da presente revisão foi apresentar os principais protocolos de manejo reprodutivo e parâmetros de qualidade de água na rotina de fertilização artificial de peixes reofílicos nativos do Brasil.

The fish has increased demand driven by population growth and the search for healthful foods suitable for human consumption. However, overfishing and degradation of the natural environment are leading to the decline of natural fish populations. Within context, the expansion of fish farming is a good alternative to overcome such problems. Therefore, it is important to understand the main reproductive techniques used and determine the proper protocol for each species. Some important aspects should be considered such as fish induced breeding techniques, spawning type, fertilization and hatching rate, as well as monitoring the embryonic and larval development, besides the normality and larvae survival. Other important points are the monitoring and control of water quality, observing the physical and chemical variables, as they directly affect the development of aquatic organisms. The aim of this review was to present the main protocols of reproductive management and water quality parameters in the routine of artificial fertilization of brazilian native reofilic fish.

Método endoscópico em jibóia para avaliação da saúde do trato gastrointestinal e coleta de amostras esofágicas / Endoscopic method in for evaluating the health of the gastrointestinal tract and collection of esophageal samples

Endoscopy is a visual examination of internal structures with the aid of an endoscope. In some cases, it is possible to define the etiology of the diseases and the patient's response to a particular disease, helping to define specific prognoses and therapies. It is minimally invasive, reducing surgical time and consequently the duration of anesthesia, which is desirable mainly in debilitated patients and is indicated for visualization and / or sampling of an organ or site with additional diagnostic information. In the present case, the objective was to perform endoscopic examination in a boa constrictor. This patient was anesthetized for digestive endoscopy and sample collection for histopathological examinations that allowed the definitive diagnosis of chronic histiolymphoplasmacytic esophagitis of probable bacterial origin. It was concluded that this technique made it possible, in a non-traumatic way, to obtain samples that, on histopathological examination, determined the definitive diagnosis.(AU)

Tratamento de infestação por Megninia spp em calopsita / Treatment of infestation by Megninia spp. in Calopsita

Mites are ectoparasites that commonly inhabit the skin and feathers of birds, although common, little is known about the mites and its treatment. This work aims to report the treatment of a Calopsite (Nhimphicus hollandicus) infested by Megninia spp., using selamectin and permethrin. Single dose selamectin 10mg / kg was directly applied on the back of the calopsite, repeating the dose after 15 days, a 0.25% permethrin based talc-containing drug was also prescribed to discharge into the environment in which the animal lived. It was concluded that the treatment against Megninia spp. infestation, using selamectin 10mg / kg and 0.25% permethrin, was effective, with total recovery of the animal.(AU)

Avaliação de swab conjuntival para o diagnóstico de cinomose em cachorros-do-mato / Evaluation of the conjunctival swab for the diagnosis of distemper in crab-eating foxes

Canine distemper has been affecting wildlife and exotic animals at risk of extinction. Before the invasion of the urban environment into the forests increases the risk of contamination of wildlife with urban pathogens. The present work aims to report the case of two crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) suspected of distemper in the Municipal Zoo Sargento Prata. Hemograms and conjunctival swab analysis of both animals were performed. Only one of the slides of the two animals showed cells containing Lentz corpuscle. The main hematological findings were thrombocytopenia and intense leukopenia. At miscrocopy, viral inclusions of Lentz were visualized in the neutrophil cytoplasm. Together with the clinical and hematological signs, the conjunctival swab presents as a good option for the diagnosis of distemper in dogs and other species of wild animals.(AU)

Avaliação de swab conjuntival para o diagnóstico de cinomose em cachorros-do-mato / Evaluation of the conjunctival swab for the diagnosis of distemper in crab-eating foxes

Canine distemper has been affecting wildlife and exotic animals at risk of extinction. Before the invasion of the urban environment into the forests increases the risk of contamination of wildlife with urban pathogens. The present work aims to report the case of two crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) suspected of distemper in the Municipal Zoo Sargento Prata. Hemograms and conjunctival swab analysis of both animals were performed. Only one of the slides of the two animals showed cells containing Lentz corpuscle. The main hematological findings were thrombocytopenia and intense leukopenia. At miscrocopy, viral inclusions of Lentz were visualized in the neutrophil cytoplasm. Together with the clinical and hematological signs, the conjunctival swab presents as a good option for the diagnosis of distemper in dogs and other species of wild animals.

Método endoscópico em jibóia para avaliação da saúde do trato gastrointestinal e coleta de amostras esofágicas / Endoscopic method in for evaluating the health of the gastrointestinal tract and collection of esophageal samples

Endoscopy is a visual examination of internal structures with the aid of an endoscope. In some cases, it is possible to define the etiology of the diseases and the patient's response to a particular disease, helping to define specific prognoses and therapies. It is minimally invasive, reducing surgical time and consequently the duration of anesthesia, which is desirable mainly in debilitated patients and is indicated for visualization and / or sampling of an organ or site with additional diagnostic information. In the present case, the objective was to perform endoscopic examination in a boa constrictor. This patient was anesthetized for digestive endoscopy and sample collection for histopathological examinations that allowed the definitive diagnosis of chronic histiolymphoplasmacytic esophagitis of probable bacterial origin. It was concluded that this technique made it possible, in a non-traumatic way, to obtain samples that, on histopathological examination, determined the definitive diagnosis.

Tratamento de infestação por Megninia spp em calopsita / Treatment of infestation by Megninia spp. in Calopsita

Mites are ectoparasites that commonly inhabit the skin and feathers of birds, although common, little is known about the mites and its treatment. This work aims to report the treatment of a Calopsite (Nhimphicus hollandicus) infested by Megninia spp., using selamectin and permethrin. Single dose selamectin 10mg / kg was directly applied on the back of the calopsite, repeating the dose after 15 days, a 0.25% permethrin based talc-containing drug was also prescribed to discharge into the environment in which the animal lived. It was concluded that the treatment against Megninia spp. infestation, using selamectin 10mg / kg and 0.25% permethrin, was effective, with total recovery of the animal.