Effects of Different Exercise Interventions on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, as Measured by Peak Oxygen Consumption in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: An Overview of Systematic Reviews.

BACKGROUND: Exercise is an important component of rehabilitation care for people with coronary heart disease (CHD). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to critically analyze and summarize the existing evidence from published systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have evaluated the effects of different types of exercise interventions on cardiorespiratory fitness, as measured by peak oxygen consumption in people with CHD. METHODS: Electronic databases (Cochrane Library, Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, and PEDro) were searched for SRs of exercise interventions of people with CHD. Two reviewers assessed the quality of SRs using the AMSTAR-2 tool and evaluated the strength of evidence quality with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system for relevant outcome measures. Mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: Thirty-one SRs (with 125 RCTs) met the study criteria, including 33,608 patients. Compared with usual care, continuous aerobic exercise produced an improvement in peak oxygen consumption, MD of 3.8 mL kg-1 min-1 (95% CI: 3.204.4, I2 = 67%); high-intensity interval training, MD 6.1 mL kg-1 min-1 (95% CI: 0.4-11.8, I2 = 97%); resistance training, MD of 2.1 mL kg-1 min-1 (95% CI: 0.98-3.2, I2 = 60%); combined aerobic and resistance training, MD of 3.0 mL kg-1 min-1 (95% CI: 2.5-3.4, I2 = 0%); and water-based exercise, MD of 4.4 mL kg-1 min-1 (95% CI, 2.1-6.7; I2 = 2%). CONCLUSION: Exercise interventions improve peak oxygen consumption in people with CHD. However, there was moderate to very-low certainty for the evidence found.

Determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing in COVID-19 survivors: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta­regression.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and its possible determinants in post-COVID-19 survivors has not been systematically assessed. OBJECTIVES: To identify and summarize studies comparing cardiorespiratory fitness measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing in COVID-19 survivors versus non-COVID-19 controls, as well as to determine the influence of potential moderating factors. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and SciELO since their inceptions until June 2022. Mean differences (MD), standard mean differences (SMD), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were used to evaluate potential moderating factors. RESULTS: 48 studies (3372 participants, mean age 42 years, and with a mean testing time of 4 months post-COVID-19) were included, comprising a total of 1823 COVID-19 survivors and 1549 non-COVID-19 controls. After data pooling, VO2 peak (SMD=1.0 95% CI: 0.5, 1.5; 17 studies; N = 1273) was impaired in COVID-19 survivors. In 15 studies that reported VO2 peak values in ml/min/kg, non-COVID-19 controls had higher peak VO2 values than COVID-19 survivors (MD=6.2, 95% CI: 3.5, 8.8; N = 905; I2=84%). In addition, VO2 peak was associated with age, time post-COVID-19, disease severity, presence of dyspnea, and reduced exercise capacity. CONCLUSION: This systematic review provides evidence that cardiorespiratory fitness may be impaired in COVID-19 survivors, especially for those with severe disease, presence of dyspnea, and reduced exercise capacity. Furthermore, the degree of reduction of VO2 peak is inversely associated with age and time post-COVID.

Combined exercise on fatigue, quality of life and physical functioning in people under chemotherapy with oxaliplatin: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of combined exercise on fatigue, anxiety, depression, quality of life and physical functioning in gastroinstestinal neoplasm in people under chemotherapy with oxaliplatin treatment. METHODS: We searched pubmed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PEDro data base, and SciELO (until Nov 2023) for randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of combined exercise in gastroinstestinal neoplasm people under chemotherapy with oxaliplatin treatment. Two comparisons were made: combined exercise versus usual care, combined aerobic and versus usual care (follow up). The main outcomes were muscle strength, aerobic capacity, fatigue, anxiety, depression and quality of life. Mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Seven randomized controlled trials met the eligibility criteria, which included 464 people. Compared to usual care, combined aerobic and resistance resulted in decrease of general fatigue (-2.82; IC: 4.92 to -0.69, N = 48), physical fatigue (-5.08; IC: 8.41 to -1.74, N = 48) and improvement of domain physical functioning of quality of life (9.40; IC: 2.74 to 16.06, N = 48). Compared to usual care, combined aerobic and resistance - Follow up resulted in decrease of general fatigue (-2.32; IC: 4.41 to - 0.28, N = 48), physical fatigue (-0.92; IC: 3.31 to -1.47, N = 48) and improvement ofdomain physical functioning of (9.83; IC: 0.66 to 19.01, N = 48). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that combined exercises improves fatigue (general; physical), domain physical functioning of quality of life in gastrointestinal neoplasm people under chemotherapy treatment when compared to usual care.

Development, reliability, and validity of the mobility assessment scale in hospitalized patients (HMob).

BACKGROUND: Existing mobility scales for hospitalized patients do not include assessment of tasks for the right and left side, ability to transfer from sitting to lying and from standing to sitting, ability to climbing steps and pick up an object from the floor in the same instrument. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the reliability and validity of the hospital mobility assessment scale (HMob) according to the Consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments (COSMIN). METHODS: Study conducted in three inpatient units (cardiology, neurology, and gastrohepatology) and one adult intensive care unit in a hospital. Patients of both sexes were included; age >18 years; collaborative and who obeyed commands, with different medical diagnoses and clinical release to leave their bed (provided by the doctor). Special populations such as those with burns and orthopedics were excluded. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 130 patients; 20 from the pilot study and 110 to assess the clinimetric properties of the HMob. Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.949. Relative intra- (A1-A2) and inter-rater (A1-B; A2-B) reliability was excellent (A1-A2: ICC = 0.982, p-value < 0.0001; A1-B: ICC = 0.993, p-value < 0.0001; A2-B: ICC = 0.986, p-value < 0.0001.) The convergent criterion validity of HMob in relation to the ICU Functional Status Score was 0.967 (p-value < 0.0001) and for Functional Independence measure (MIF) was 0.926 (p-value < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The HMob scale showed excellent internal consistency, intra- and inter-rater reliability, and concurrent validity in the motor domain, which suggests that it can be used in daily practice to measure mobility in hospitalized patients.

Some types of exercise interventions are more effective than others in people with coronary heart disease: systematic review and network meta-analysis.

QUESTION: What are the effects of different types of exercise treatments on oxygen consumption, quality of life and mortality in people with coronary heart disease? DESIGN: Systematic review with network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with coronary heart disease. INTERVENTION: Exercise interventions including aerobic (continuous or high-intensity interval) training, resistance training, respiratory muscle exercises, water-based exercises, yoga, Tai chi, Qigong exercises and a combination of different types of exercise. OUTCOME MEASURES: Oxygen consumption, quality of life and mortality. RESULTS: This review included 178 randomised controlled trials with 19,143 participants. Several exercise interventions improved peak oxygen consumption (mL/kg/min): high-intensity interval training (MD 4.5, 95% CI 3.7 to 5.4); combined water-based exercises and moderate-intensity continuous training (MD 3.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 6.0); combined aerobic and resistance exercise (MD 3.4, 95% CI 2.5 to 4.3); water-based exercises (MD 3.4, 95% CI 0.6 to 6.2); combined respiratory muscle training and aerobic exercise (MD 3.2, 95% CI 0.6 to 5.8); Tai chi (MD 3.0, 95% CI 1.0 to 5.0); moderate-intensity continuous training (MD 3.0, 95% CI 2.3 to 3.6); high-intensity continuous training (MD 2.7, 95% CI 1.6 to 3.8); and resistance training (MD 2.2, 95% CI 0.6 to 3.7). Quality of life was improved by yoga (SMD 1.5, 95% CI 0.5 to 2.4), combined aerobic and resistance exercise (SMD 1.2, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.7), moderate-intensity continuous training (SMD 1.1, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.6) and high-intensity interval training (SMD 0.9, 95% CI 0.1 to 1.6). All-cause mortality was reduced by continuous aerobic exercise (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.86) and combined aerobic and resistance exercise (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.94). Continuous aerobic exercise also reduced cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.74). CONCLUSION: People with coronary heart disease may use a range of exercise modalities to improve oxygen consumption, quality of life and mortality. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022344545.

Effects of exercise interventions on functioning and health-related quality of life following hospital discharge for recovery from critical illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze the published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of exercise interventions on functioning and health-related quality of life following hospital discharge for recovery from critical illness. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PEDro data base, and SciELO (from the earliest date available to January 2023) for RCTs that evaluated the effects of physical rehabilitation interventions following hospital discharge for recovery from critical illness. REVIEW METHODS: Study quality was evaluated using the PEDro Scale. Mean differences (MDs), standard MDs (SMD), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: Fourteen studies met the study criteria, including 1259 patients. Exercise interventions improved aerobic capacity SMD 0.2 (95% CI: 0.03-0.3, I2 = 0% N = 880, nine studies, high-quality evidence), and physical component score of health-related quality of life MD 3.3 (95% CI: 1.0-5.6, I2 = 57%, six studies N = 669, moderate-quality evidence). In addition, a significant reduction in depression was observed MD -1.4 (95% CI: -2.7 to -0.1, I2 = 0% N = 148, three studies, moderate-quality evidence). No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Exercise intervention was associated with improvement of aerobic capacity, depression, and physical component score of health-related quality of life after hospital discharge for survivors of critical illness.

Effect of Mobilization with Movement on Pain, Disability, and Range of Motion in Patients with Shoulder Pain and Movement Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Shoulder pain is a disabling musculoskeletal disorder worldwide. Thus, it is important to identify interventions able to improve pain and disability. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of mobilization with movement (MWM) on pain, disability, and range of motion in patients with shoulder pain and movement impairment. METHODS: A systematic search of different databases was performed. The systematic review protocol has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023404128). A random-effects model for meta-analysis was used to determine the mean difference (MD), standardized mean differences (SMD), and 95% confidence interval for the outcome of interest. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies were included. Of these, eighteen were included in the meta-analysis. MWM improved pain during movement with a moderate effect SMD of (-0.6; 95% confidence interval, -1.1 to -0.1, I2 = 0%; N = 66;) and shoulder abduction MD of (12.7°; 1.3 to 24.0; I2 = 73%; N = 90) compared to sham MWM in the short term (0-6 weeks). Combined MWM and conventional rehabilitation improved pain at rest, with a MD of (-1.2; -2.2 to -0.2; I2 = 61%; N = 100), and disability SMD of (-1.3; confidence interval -2.2 to -0.4; I2 = 87%; N = 185) compared to conventional rehabilitation alone in the short term. Combined MWM and conventional rehabilitation also resulted in improvement in shoulder abduction and external rotation. Compared to Maitland, MWM resulted in improvement in the shoulder abduction MD (20.4°; confidence interval 4.3 to 36.5; I2 = 89%; N = 130) in the short term. There is no information regarding long-term effects. CONCLUSION: Evidence suggests that MWM may reduce shoulder pain and restore shoulder range of motion and function. Our findings are promising, but the evidence is not strong enough to recommend it pragmatically.

Validity and reliability of two-dimensional video-based assessment to measure joint angles during running: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Two-dimensional video analysis systems (2DVAS) are commonly used by clinicians and researchers to determine angles during running. The aim of this systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42022322798) was to synthesize the literature on the criterion validity and reliability of 2DVAS for measuring angles during running compared to three-dimensional motion analysis systems (3DMAS). We searched for articles on MEDLINE/Pubmed, EMBASE, SciELO, and LILACS up to October/2022. We included studies that evaluated the validity of 2DVAS (when compared to 3DMAS) and/or the reliability of 2DVAS measurements of lower limb and trunk angles during running. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed. Seven hundred and five studies were found and 17 were included. Ten studies analysed criterion validity between 2DVAS and 3DMAS and the results ranged from poor to excellent, with most of the parameters assessed presenting poor or moderate validity. Inter-rater reliability of 2DVAS was assessed in nine studies and most of the parameters investigated had good to excellent reliability. Intra-rater reliability (between-day processing) of angular running parameters - investigated in ten studies - was considered excellent for most of the parameters analysed. Inter-session reliability was assessed in three studies and was defined as good or excellent for most of the variables assessed. 2DVAS is a reliable method for measuring joint angles during running. However, the validity of 2DVAS compared to 3DMAS ranges from low to moderate for most running parameters. Therefore, based on the available evidence, caution should be taken when applying 2DVAS, particularly for frontal and transverse plane angles.

Water-Based Exercises on Peak Oxygen Consumption, Exercise Time, and Muscle Strength in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Background: There is a growing use of water-based exercises in cardiac rehabilitation programs. However, there is little data concerning the effects of water-based exercise on the exercise capacity of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Objective: To perform a systematic review to investigate the effects of water-based exercise on peak oxygen consumption, exercise time, and muscle strength in patients with CAD. Methods: Five databases were searched to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of water-based exercise for coronary artery disease patients. Mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test. Results: Eight studies were included. Water-based exercise resulted in an improvement in peak VO2 of 3.4 mL/kg/min (95% CI, 2.3 to 4.5; I2 = 0%; 5 studies, N = 167), exercise time of 0.6 (95% CI, 0.1 to 1.1; I2 = 0%; 3 studies, N = 69), and total body strength of 32.2 kg (95% CI, 23.9 to 40.7; I2 = 3%; 3 studies, N = 69) when compared to no exercising controls. Water-based exercise resulted in an improvement in peak VO2 of 3.1 mL/kg/min (95% CI, 1.4 to 4.7; I2 = 13%; 2 studies, N = 74), when compared to the plus land exercise group. No significant difference in peak VO2 was found for participants in the water-based exercise plus land exercise group compared with the land exercise group. Conclusions: Water-based exercise may improve exercise capacity and should be considered as an alternative method in the rehabilitation of patients with CAD.

Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients in the Postoperative Phase of Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To review the evidence about inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in patients in postoperative of cardiac surgery. We conducted this systematic review used the databases Ovid, LILACS, CINAHL, PubMed, PEDro, and CENTRAL. Randomized clinical trials that addressed IMT after cardiac surgery were selected. The outcomes assessed were maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), tidal volume (TV), peak expiratory flow (PEF), functional capacity (6-minute walk test) and length of hospital stay. The mean difference between groups and the respective 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated and used to quantify the effect of continuous outcomes. Seven studies were selected. The IMT was superior to the control over MIP 15.77 cmH2O (95% CI, 5.95-25.49), MEP 15.87 cmH2O (95% CI, 1.16-30.58), PEF 40.98 L/min (95% CI, 4.64-77.32), TV 184.75 mL (95% CI, 19.72-349.77), hospital stay -1.25 days (95% CI, -1.77 to -0.72), but without impact on functional capacity 29.93 m (95% CI, -27.59 to 87.45). Based on the results presented, IMT was beneficial as a form of treatment for patients after cardiac surgery.

Digital technology for delivering and monitoring exercise programs for people with cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Although exercise is recommended as part of the cystic fibrosis (CF) therapeutic routine, adherence to exercise is still limited. Digital health technologies can provide easy-to-access health information and may help improve healthcare and outcomes in individuals with long-term conditions. However, its effects for delivering and monitoring exercise programs in CF have not yet been synthesized. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of digital health technologies for delivering and monitoring exercise programs, increasing adherence to exercise regimens, and improving key clinical outcomes in people with CF. SEARCH METHODS: We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 21 November 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs of digital health technologies for delivering or monitoring exercise programs in CF. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were 1. physical activity, 2. self-management behavior, and 3. pulmonary exacerbations. Our secondary outcomes were 4. usability of technologies, 5. quality of life, 6. lung function, 7. muscle strength, 8. exercise capacity, 9. physiologic parameters, and 10. ADVERSE EVENTS: We used GRADE to assess certainty of evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We identified four parallel RCTs (three single-center and one multicenter with 231 participants aged six years or older). The RCTs evaluated different modes of digital health technologies with distinct purposes, combined with diverse interventions. We identified important methodologic concerns in the RCTs, including insufficient information on the randomization process, blinding of outcome assessors, balance of non-protocol interventions across groups, and whether the analyses performed corrected for bias due to missing outcome data. Non-reporting of results may also be a concern, especially because some planned outcome results were reported incompletely. Furthermore, each trial had a small number of participants, resulting in imprecise effects. These limitations on the risk of bias, and on the precision of effect estimates resulted in overall low- to very low-certainty evidence. We undertook four comparisons and present the findings for our primary outcomes below. There is no information on the effectiveness of other modes of digital health technologies for monitoring physical activity or delivering exercise programs in people with CF, on adverse events related to the use of digital health technologies either for delivering or monitoring exercise programs in CF, and on their long-term effects (more than one year). Digital health technologies for monitoring physical activity Wearable fitness tracker plus personalized exercise prescription compared to personalized exercise prescription alone One trial (40 adults with CF) evaluated this outcome, but did not report data for any of our primary outcomes. Wearable fitness tracker plus text message for personalized feedback and goal setting compared to wearable fitness tracker alone The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of a wearable fitness tracker plus text message for personalized feedback and goal setting, compared to wearable technology alone on physical activity measured by step count at six-month follow-up (mean difference [MD] 675.00 steps, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2406.37 to 3756.37; 1 trial, 32 participants). The same study measured pulmonary exacerbation rates and reported finding no difference between groups. Web-based application to record, monitor, and set goals on physical activity plus usual care compared to usual care alone Using a web-based application to record, monitor, and set goals on physical activity plus usual care may result in little to no difference on time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity measured via accelerometry compared to usual care alone at six-month follow-up (MD -4 minutes/day, 95% CI -37 to 29; 1 trial, 63 participants). Low certainty-evidence from the same trial suggests that the intervention may result in little to no difference on pulmonary exacerbations during 12 months of follow-up (median 1 respiratory hospitalization, interquartile range [IQR] 0 to 3) versus control (median 1 respiratory hospitalization, IQR 0 to 2; P = 0.6). Digital health technologies for delivering exercise programs Web-based versus face-to-face exercise delivery The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of web-based compared to face-to-face exercise delivery on adherence to physical activity as assessed by the number of participants who completed all exercise sessions after three months of intervention (risk ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.23; 1 trial, 51 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of an exercise program plus the use of a wearable fitness tracker integrated with a social media platform compared with exercise prescription alone and on the effects of receiving a wearable fitness tracker plus text message for personalized feedback and goal setting, compared to a wearable fitness tracker alone. Low-certainty evidence suggests that using a web-based application to record, monitor, and set goals on physical activity plus usual care may result in little to no difference in time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, total time spent in activity, pulmonary exacerbations, quality of life, lung function, and exercise capacity compared to usual care alone. Regarding the use of digital health technologies for delivering exercise programs in CF, the evidence is very uncertain about the effects of using a wearable fitness tracker plus personalized exercise prescription compared to personalized exercise prescription alone. Further high-quality RCTs, with blinded outcome assessors, reporting the effects of digital health technologies on clinically important outcome measures, such as physical activity participation and intensity, self-management behavior, and the occurrence of pulmonary exacerbations in the long term are needed. The results of six ongoing RCTs identified through our searches may help clarify the effects of different modes of digital health technologies for delivering and monitoring exercise programs in people with CF.

Efeito da manobra de recrutamento alveolar no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca: uma revisão sistemática / Effect of the alveolar recruitment maneuver in the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery: a systematic review

Introdução: as cirurgias cardíacas são as intervenções de escolha em níveis mais avançados das doenças cardiovasculares, e complicações pulmonares podem ocorrer como consequência das alterações fisiológicas causadas pela circulação extracorpórea, pela anestesia e pela incisão esterno torácica. A fisioterapia atua com o intuito de prevenir e tratar essas complicações, através da utilização de uma das técnicas de expansão pulmonar mais utilizadas na reversão de hipoxemia e atelectasias, a manobra de recrutamento alveolar, com o objetivo de abrir alvéolos colapsados e aumentar as trocas gasosas. Objetivo: revisar sistematicamente os efeitos da manobra, na relação PaO2/FiO2, SatO2, o tempo de ventilação mecânica, o tempo de internamento, a incidência de atelectasia, a pressão arterial média e a frequência cardíaca. Metodologia: revisão de ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS e PEDro. Foram incluídos estudos que utilizaram a manobra como prevenção de complicações pulmonares, publicados em inglês e português. Resultados: foram incluídos 4 estudos, publicados entre os anos 2005 e 2017. O nível de pressão da manobra variou entre 30 cmH2O a 40 cmH2O. Os estudos mostraram que a manobra foi estatisticamente relevante na relação PaO2/FiO2, SatO2 e na redução da incidência de atelectasias, sem impacto no tempo de ventilação mecânica, no tempo de internamento, na pressão arterial média e na frequência cardíaca. Conclusão: a manobra de recrutamento pode ser considerada como uma técnica a ser utilizada na prevenção de alterações pulmonares, porém não é possível afirmar se os benefícios da manobra perduraram em longo prazo.

Introduction: Cardiac surgeries are the interventions of choice in more advanced levels of cardiovascular disease, and pulmonary complications can occur as a result of physiological changes caused by cardiopulmonary bypass, anaesthesia and the sternum thoracic incision. Physiotherapy acts with the aim of preventing and treating these complications, through the use of one of the most used lung expansion techniques in the reversal of hypoxemia and atelectasis, the alveolar recruitment maneuver, with the objective of opening collapsed alveoli and increasing gas exchanges. Objective: To systematically review the effects of the maneuver on the PaO2/FiO2 ratio, SatO2, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of hospitalization, incidence of atelectasis, mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Methodology: Review of controlled and randomized clinical trials in PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS and PEDro databases. Studies that used the maneuver to prevent pulmonary complications, published in English and Portuguese, were included. Results: 4 studies, published between 2005 and 2017, were included. The maneuver pressure level ranged from 30 cmH2O to 40 cmH2O. The studies showed that the maneuver was statistically relevant in relation to PaO2/FiO2, SatO2 and in reducing the incidence of atelectasis, with no impact on the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of hospitalization, mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Conclusion: The recruitment maneuver can be considered as a technique to be used in the prevention of pulmonary alterations; however, it is not possible to state whether the benefits of the maneuver lasted in the long term.

Comparison of High-Intensity Interval Training to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training for Functioning and Quality of Life in Survivors of COVID-19 (COVIDEX): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for feasibility, safety, adherence, and short- and long-term efficacy in improving functioning and health-related quality of life in survivors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: COVIDEX is a two-pronged, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial with an 8-week training intervention. The study participants will be 94 patients aged >18 years, admitted to a specialized post-COVID center. Participants will be randomized to HIIT (4 × 4 minutes of high-intensity work periods at 85% to 90% of peak heart rate) and MICT (47 minutes at 70% to 75% peak heart rate) groups for biweekly sessions for 8 weeks. The participants will undergo 2 phases of supervised training (phases 1 and 2) of 4 weeks each, in a public, specialized, post-COVID center. In phase 1, we will assess and compare the feasibility, acceptability, and short-term efficacy of HIIT and MICT intervention. In phase 2, the long-term efficacy of HIIT and MICT will be assessed and compared regarding function and health-related quality of life. To prevent any expectation bias, all study participants and assessors will be blinded to the study hypotheses. Group allocation will be masked during the analysis. All statistical analyses will be conducted following intention-to-treat principles. IMPACT: This study is the first randomized controlled trial that will compare the feasibility, safety, adherence, and efficacy of the HIIT and MICT intervention programs in this population. The findings will potentially provide important information and assist in clinical decision making on exercise to optimize the benefits of clinical health care in survivors of COVID-19.

Lung and physical function in post COVID-19 and clinical and functional associations: a cross-sectional study in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess exercise capacity, lung and physical function in COVID-19 survivors, and the association of lesion-level characteristics assessed by chest computed tomography, probable sarcopenia, and percentage of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide with clinical and functional variables. METHODS: This study was conducted in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. All patients had a laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The sociodemographic characteristics, COVID-19 exposure history, pulmonary function, computed tomography, and functionality of the participants between 1 and 3 months of diagnosis of the disease were collected. RESULTS: A total of 135 patients after COVID-19 recovery were included in this study. Probable sarcopenia, reduction in percentage of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, and a lower 6-min walk distance were observed after COVID-19 infection. Computed tomography>50% was associated with a longer length of stay and a lower percentage of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide. Probable sarcopenia diagnosis was associated with a worse percentage of the predicted 6-min walk distance in relation to the predicted, absolute 6-min walk distance (m), percentage of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, and percentage of total lung capacity. CONCLUSION: Muscle disability and lung dysfunction are common in COVID-19 survivors. Hospitalization was associated with the worst muscle force and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide. Computed tomography characteristics could be a marker of prolonged hospital stay after the acute phase of COVID-19. Additionally, the probable diagnosis of sarcopenia could be a marker of impact on walking distance. These results highlight the need for long-term follow-up of those patients and rehabilitation programs.

A Systematic Review of Isokinetic Muscle Strength in a Healthy Population With Special Reference to Age and Gender.

CONTEXT: Despite increasing use of reference values in isokinetic measurements and increasing importance, there is no systematic review of the reference values for lower and upper limb isokinetic muscle strength. OBJECTIVE: A systematic review to analyze studies on the reference values and protocols for the measurement for upper and lower limb isokinetic muscle strength in an untrained and noninjured healthy population. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Scopus, Scielo, and CINAHL (from the earliest date available to June 2020). STUDY SELECTION: Studies that measured a set of reference values for isokinetic muscle strength. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers selected studies independently. Data related to participants characteristics, outcomes of interest, isokinetic parameters, reference values for isokinetic muscle strength, and quality of evidence assessment were systematically reviewed independently by 2 authors. RESULTS: A total of 31 studies met the study criteria. The included studies were used to synthesize the isokinetic muscle strength data according to age-group and sex. We extracted 1845 normative data related to isokinetic strength. Of these, 1181 items referred to lower limbs and 664 items to upper limbs. CONCLUSION: In general, agonist muscle groups are stronger than antagonist muscles, and the men tend to obtain higher strength values than women. The angular velocity varied from 10 to 300 deg/s. The reference values identified can be useful for professionals to obtain during the isokinetic evaluation of the diagnostic parameters of muscle deficiency.

A systematic review on physical function, activities of daily living and health-related quality of life in COVID-19 survivors.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the published studies that investigated the physical function, activities of daily living and health-related quality of life in COVID-19 survivors. DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and Cochrane Library for studies that evaluated the physical function, activities of daily living and health-related quality of life after COVID-19 from the earliest date available to July 2021. Two independent reviewers screened and selected the studies. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate methodological quality. RESULTS: We included 35 studies in this systematic review. Of the 35 studies included, 28 were cohort, and 7 cross-sectional studies The studies demonstrated that COVID-19 survivors had reduced levels of physical function, activities of daily living, and health-related quality of life. Furthermore, incomplete recovery of physical function, and performance in activities of daily living were observed 1 to 6 months post-infection. DISCUSSION: Physical disability and reduction in health-related quality of life is a common condition in post-COVID-19 and impairments may persist up to 1 to 6 months. Researchers and clinicians can use these findings to understand the potential disabilities and rehabilitation needs of people recovering from the COVID-19.

Predictors of extubation failure in neurocritical patients: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify predictors of extubation failure in neurocritical patients. METHODS: This was systematic review performed through a bibliographic search of the databases PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, SciELO, and Web of Science, from February 2020 to October 2021. Cohort studies that investigated the predictors of extubation failure were included, defined as the need for reintubation within 48 h after extubation, in adult neurocritical patients. The risk-of-bias assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, for cohort studies. RESULTS: Eight studies, totaling 18 487 participants, were included. A total of 15 predictors for extubation failure in neurocritical patients have been identified. Of these, four were the most frequent: low score on the Glasgow Coma Scale (motor score ≤5, 8T-10T), female gender, time on mechanical ventilation (≥7 days, ≥ 10 days), and moderate or large secretion volume. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the conventional parameters of weaning and extubation, other factors, such as a low score on the Glasgow Coma Scale, female gender, mechanical ventilation time, and moderate or large secretion volume, must be taken into account to prevent extubation failure in neurocritical patients in clinical practice.

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Exercise Capacity, Blood Pressure, and Autonomic Responses in Patients With Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Despite the well-known positive effects of exercise in hypertensive patients, the best mode of exercise is still under discussion. OBJECTIVE: A systematic review of the literature, synthesizing data on the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak), blood pressure (BP), cardiac autonomic modulation, and resting heart rate (HR) in patients with hypertension. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (via PubMed), CENTRAL, PEDro database, and SciELO (from the earliest date available to December 31, 2020). STUDY SELECTION: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of HIIT in hypertensive patients. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 2. DATA EXTRACTION: Mean differences (MDs) with a 95% CI were calculated, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test. RESULTS: Nine RCTs encompassing 569 patients met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. Five trials compared supervised HIIT with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and a control; 1 trial compared HIIT with MICT, and 3 compared HIIT with a control. In comparison with MICT, HIIT improved VO2 peak MD (3.3 mL.kg-1.min-1; 95% CI, 1.4-5.3; N = 130). In comparison with controls, HIIT improved VO2 peak MD (4.4 mL.kg-1.min-1; 95% CI, 2.5-6.2; N = 162). CONCLUSION: Despite the low quality of the evidence, HIIT is superior to MICT in improving VO2 peak in patients with hypertension. HIIT effectively improved VO2 peak, BP, and resting HR when compared with controls. HIIT appears to be safe only when performed in a supervised manner for stage 1 hypertension patients without associated risk factors.

Effects of therapeutic interventions on pain due to plantar fasciitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of different therapeutic interventions that have ever been evaluated in randomized controlled trials on pain due to plantar fasciitis. METHODS: We searched different electronic databases until September 2022. Mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation was used to evaluate the overall certainty evidence. RESULTS: A total of 236 studies met the study criteria, including 15,401 patients. Botulinum toxin MD -2.14 (CI: -4.15, -0.14), micronized dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane injection MD -3.31 (CI: -5.54, -1.08), dry needling MD -2.34 (CI: -4.64, -0.04), low-dye taping MD -3.60 (CI: -4.16, -3.03), low-level laser therapy MD -2.09 (CI: -2.28, -1.90), myofascial releases MD -1.79 (CI: -2.63, -0.94), platelet-rich plasma MD -2.40 (CI: -4.16, -0.63), radiofrequency MD -2.47 (CI: -4.65, -0.29), and stretching MD -1.14 (CI: -2.02, -0.26) resulted in being effective treatments for pain when compared to the control in the short term. In the medium and long term, only extracorporeal shock wave therapy MD -0.97 (CI: -1.13, -0.81)/MD -2.49 (CI: -3.17, -1.82) was effective for improving pain when compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the available studies, this systematic review and meta-analysis showed that different therapeutic interventions seem to be useful strategies for improving pain in patients with plantar fasciitis. In the medium and long term, only extracorporeal shock wave therapy was effective in improving pain when compared to the control.

Addition of respiratory exercises to conventional rehabilitation for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory dysfunctions are an important cause of morbidity and death in cerebral palsy (CP) populations. Respiratory exercises in addition to conventional rehabilitation have been suggested to improve respiratory status in CP patients. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to verify the effects of the addition of respiratory exercises to conventional rehabilitation on pulmonary function, functional capacity, respiratory muscle strength, gross motor function and quality of life in children and adolescents with CP. METHODS: We searched for randomized controlled clinical trials in PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, SciELO, EMBASE and Physiotheraphy Evidence (PEDro) from their inception until July 2022 without language restrictions. Studies that included respiratory exercises (breathing exercise program; feedback respiratory training; incentive spirometer exercise; inspiratory muscle training; and combination of respiratory exercises + incentive spirometer exercise) in combination with conventional rehabilitation for children and adolescents with CP were evaluated by two independent reviewers. The mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated by random effect models. RESULTS: Ten studies met the eligibility criteria, including 324 children aged from 6 to 16 years. The meta-analysis showed an improvement in inspiratory muscle strength of 22.96 cmH2O (18.63-27.27, n = 55) and pulmonary function of 0.60 (0.38-0.82, n = 98) for forced vital capacity (L); 0.22 (0.06-0.39, n = 98) for forced expiratory volume at 1 second (L); and 0.50 (0.05-0.04, n = 98) for peak expiratory flow (L/min). Functional skills in daily living activities improved in the intervention group. Caregivers' assistance of daily living activities, functional capacity, gross motor function and expiratory muscle strength showed a nonsignificant improvement. Social well-being and acceptance and functioning domains improved in only one study. CONCLUSIONS: Emerging data show significant enhancements in inspiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function in CP patients after respiratory training in addition to conventional rehabilitation. There is no consensus on the frequency, type or intensity of respiratory exercises for children with and adolescents with CP.