Newborn Weight Loss as a Predictor of Persistence of Exclusive Breastfeeding up to 6 Months.

Objectives: To investigate the association between neonatal weight loss and persistence of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months. Study Design: An observational cohort study in the setting of a Baby Friendly Hospital, enrolling 1,260 healthy term dyads. Neonatal percentage of weight loss was collected between 48 and 72 h from birth. Using a questionnaire, all mothers were asked on the phone what the infant's mode of feeding at 10 days, 42 days and 6 months (≥183 days) from birth were. The persistence of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months and the occurrence of each event that led to the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding were verified through a logistic analysis that included 40 confounders. Results: Infants with a weight loss ≥7% were exclusively breastfed at 6 months in a significantly lower percentage of cases than infants with a weight loss <7% (95% CI 0.563 to 0.734, p < 0.001). Weight loss ≥7% significantly increases the occurrence of either sporadic integration with formula milk (95% CI 0.589 to 0.836, p < 0.001), complementary feeding (95% CI 0.460 to 0.713, p < 0.001), exclusive formula feeding (95% CI 0.587 to 0.967, p < 0.001) or weaning (95% CI 0.692 to 0.912, p = 0.02) through the first 6 months of life. Conclusions: With the limitations of a single-center study, a weight loss ≥7% in the first 72 h after birth appears to be a predictor of an early interruption of exclusive breastfeeding before the recommended 6 months in healthy term exclusively breastfed newborns.

Novel use of a continuous PECS II block for mastitis pain treatment.

Nipple trauma and mastitis (an inflammatory condition of the breast) are common causes of intense pain during breast feeding. Although such pain normally results in early weaning, which has negative impacts on both maternal and child health, little is understood about the treatment of pain experienced during breast feeding. Here, we describe our experience with a woman who presented at 26 days post partum with a 15-day history of deep nipple wounds that caused bilateral mastitis and excruciating pain that radiated dorsally. Antibiotic, antifungal and non-pharmacological therapies were unsuccessful, and she wished to suspend breast feeding. We performed a bilateral pectoralis nerve block type II and inserted intrafascial catheters between the pectoralis minor and serratus muscles for continuous analgesia. Following block completion, the pain in her torso resolved immediately. The local anesthetic infusion continued for 40 hours and the patient had sustained analgesia with rapid healing of nipple lesions and her breast feeding commencing at 36 hours after block placement.

Parenteral Nutrition Is One of the Most Significant Risk Factors for Nosocomial Infections in a Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infections (NIs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and increased healthcare costs. We aimed to assess the NI epidemiology and associated risk factors in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (PCICU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective observational study on 1106 patients admitted to a PCICU from January 1, 2012, to October 31, 2013. NIs were defined and recorded weekly by a multidisciplinary team. Independent risk factors for NIs were assessed by logistic regression analysis in the overall cohort, in cardiac surgical patients, and in those who had cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). RESULTS: Ninety-two patients (8.3%) had NIs. Overall mortality was 2% but 8.3% in children with NIs ( P < .001). The most frequent NIs were pneumonia (19.6%), bacteremia of unknown origin (16.3%), and catheter-associated bloodstream infection (14.1%) caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the overall cohort, independent risk factors for NIs were number of days of parenteral nutrition (PN), days of invasive and noninvasive ventilation, ward before PCICU admission, and days of PCICU stay; in the cardiac surgical patients, the risk factors were days of PN and days of invasive and noninvasive ventilation; in children who had undergone CPB, the risk factors for NIs were days of PN, delayed sternal closure, reintervention, length of CPB, younger age, and days of invasive ventilation. CONCLUSION: Mortality was significantly higher in patients with NIs. The use of PN was one of the most significant predictors for NIs in the overall cohort of PCICU patients, cardiac surgical patients, and those who required CPB.

Neurologic complications in neonates supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. An analysis of ELSO registry data.

BACKGROUND: Neurologic complications in neonates supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are common and diminish their quality of life and survival. An understanding of factors associated with neurologic complications in neonatal ECMO is lacking. The goals of this study were to describe the epidemiology and factors associated with neurologic complications in neonatal ECMO. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of neonates (age ≤30 days) supported with ECMO using data reported to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization during 2005-2010. RESULTS: Of 7,190 neonates supported with ECMO, 1,412 (20 %) had neurologic complications. Birth weight <3 kg [odds ratio (OR): 1.3; 95 % confidence intervals (CI): 1.1-1.5], gestational age (<34 weeks; OR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.1-2.0 and 34-36 weeks: OR 1.4, 95 % CI 1.1-1.7), need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to ECMO (OR 1.7, 95 % CI 1.5-2.0), pre-ECMO blood pH ≤ 7.11 (OR 1.7, 95 % CI 1.4-2.1), pre-ECMO bicarbonate use (OR 1.3, 95 % CI 1.2-1.5), prior ECMO exposure (OR 2.4, 95 % CI 1.6-2.6), and use of veno-arterial ECMO (OR 1.7, 95 % CI 1.4-2.0) increased neurologic complications. Mortality was higher in patients with neurologic complications compared to those without (62 % vs. 36 %; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Neurologic complications are common in neonatal ECMO and are associated with increased mortality. Patient factors, pre-ECMO severity of illness, and use of veno-arterial ECMO are associated with increased neurologic complications. Patient selection, early ECMO deployment, and refining ECMO management strategies for vulnerable populations could be targeted as areas for improvement in neonatal ECMO.

Assessment of modified ultrafiltration hemodynamic impact by pressure recording analytical method during pediatric cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Modified ultrafiltration is commonly used in pediatric cardiac surgery. Although its clinical benefits are currently debated, modified ultrafiltration has proved to improve mean arterial pressure in the first postoperative hours. Aim of our study was to measure cardiac index, stroke volume index, and mean arterial pressure modification before and after modified ultrafiltration by means of Pressure Recording Analytical Method. DESIGN: Single-center prospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Pediatric cardiac surgery operating room. PATIENTS: Children below 20 kg that are included in the "pediatric" mode of Pressure Recording Analytical Method. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Forty patients were enrolled in this study. Median age, weight, and body surface area at surgery were 3 months (interquartile range, 10 days to 3.5 yr), 5.6 (3.1-15) kg, and 0.31 (0.21-0.56), respectively. During the modified ultrafiltration procedure, a median volume of 17 mL/kg (11-25) was ultrafiltered and a median volume of 11 mL/kg (6-17) was reinfused with a median final modified ultrafiltration balance of -0.15 mL/kg (-4.0 to 0.1). By univariate analyses, there was a 10% increase in postmodified ultrafiltration mean, systolic and diastolic pressures (p = 0.01), stroke volume index (p = 0.02), and cardiac index (p = 0.001) without significant changes in heart rate, central (left and right) venous pressures, stroke volume variation, and inotropic score. By multivariate analysis, when controlling for cardiopulmonary bypass time and age at surgery, cardiac index variation was independently associated with lower preoperative body surface area (beta coefficient -5.5, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: According to Pressure Recording Analytical Method assessment, modified ultrafiltration acutely improves myocardial function, as shown by a 10% increase of systemic arterial pressure, stroke volume index, and cardiac index. This effect is more pronounced in smaller sized patients.

Neurological complications during pulsatile ventricular assistance with the Berlin Heart EXCOR in children: incidence and risk factors.

The aim of this study is to describe the incidence of brain injury (BI) in children with end-stage cardiac failure who were supported with the Berlin Heart EXCOR ventricular assist device (VAD) as a bridge to heart transplantation. Between January 2002 and January 2012, all patients <18 years of age who underwent the implantation of the Berlin Heart EXCOR at Bambino Gesú Children's Hospital were included. A total of 25 patients were included in this study. Median age and weight at implantation were 22.4 months (range 3.6-154.2) and 10 kg (range 4.5-36), respectively. Diagnosis included cardiomyopathy (n = 20) and congenital heart disease (n = 5). Eleven patients received atrial cannulation. Nine patients underwent biventricular assist device support. Seven patients underwent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before the implantation of the EXCOR VAD. Median duration of VAD support was 51 days (range 2-167). Nine patients had evidence of acute BI including intracranial hemorrhage (n = 5) and cerebral ischemia (n = 4). Freedom from BI at 30, 60, and 90 days from VAD implantation was 80.7, 69.9, and 43.3%, respectively. Weight <10 kg at implantation was significantly associated with BI. BI is a frequent complication among children supported with EXCOR VAD and is associated with lower weight at implantation. However, our data do not support the association between size and BI. Future prospective multicenter studies are warranted to further help understand the etiology and the impact of BI and to improve functional outcomes for children undergoing EXCOR VAD mechanical support.

Pediatric RIFLE for acute kidney injury diagnosis and prognosis for children undergoing cardiac surgery: a single-center prospective observational study.

This study evaluated the performance of the pediatric RIFLE (pRIFLE) score for acute kidney injury (AKI) diagnosis and prognosis after pediatric cardiac surgery. It was a single-center prospective observational study developed in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (pCICU) of a tertiary children's hospital. The study enrolled 160 consecutive children younger than 1 year with congenital heart diseases and undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Of the 160 children, 50 (31 %) were neonates, and 20 (12 %) had a univentricular heart. Palliative surgery was performed for 53 patients (33 %). A diagnosis of AKI was determined for 90 patients (56 %), and 68 (42 %) of these patients achieved an "R" level of AKI severity, 17 patients (10 %) an "I" level, and 5 patients (3 %) an "F" level. Longer cross-clamp times (p = 0.045), a higher inotropic score (p = 0.02), and a higher Risk-Adjusted Classification for Congenital Heart Surgery score (p = 0.048) but not age (p = 0.27) correlated significantly with pRIFLE class severity. Patients classified with a higher pRIFLE score required a greater number of mechanical ventilation days (p = 0.03) and a longer pCICU stay (p = 0.045). Renal replacement therapy (RRT) was needed for 13 patients (8.1 %), with two patients receiving continuous hemofiltration, and 11 patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. At the start of dialysis, the distribution of RRT patients differed significantly within pRIFLE classes (p = 0.015). All deceased patients were classified as pRIFLE "I" or "F" (p = 0.0001). The findings showed that pRIFLE is easily and feasibly applied for pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. The pRIFLE classification showed that AKI incidence in pediatric cardiac surgery infants is high and associated with poorer outcomes.

Whole blood assessment of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin versus pediatricRIFLE for acute kidney injury diagnosis and prognosis after pediatric cardiac surgery: cross-sectional study*.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of a single whole blood neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin measurement in predicting acute kidney injury occurrence, its severity, and the need for postoperative renal replacement therapy after pediatric cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Single-center prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: Tertiary care pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Consecutive children <1 yr old with congenital heart diseases undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels were measured after pediatric cardiac intensive care unit admission. Pediatric score indicating level of renal damage by Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of function and End-stage kidney disease (pRIFLE) was used as the reference method. Acute kidney injury was diagnosed in 90 (56%) of the 160 enrolled patients. The number of abnormal neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin samples (above the cutoff level of 150 ng/mL) was 12 over 90 (13%) in acute kidney injury population and 6 over 70 in non-acute kidney injury patients (8%) (odds ratio 1.6; 95% confidence interval 0.6-4.7; p = .31). Sensitivity of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for acute kidney injury detection was 0.13 and specificity 0.91. The number of patients with abnormal neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin samples was not significantly different within pediatric score indicating level of renal damage by pRIFLE (p = .69); furthermore, we found abnormal neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels in 4 (30%) over 13 renal replacement therapy patients and in 14 (10%) over 133 children without renal replacement therapy need (odds ratio 4.2; 95% confidence interval 1.2-10.2; p = .02). Mean cross-clamp time (p = .28), inotropic score (p = .19), surgical risk score (p = .3), mean length of mechanical ventilation (p = .48), and pediatric cardiac intensive care unit stay (p = .57) did not significantly differ between children with abnormal and normal neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin values. CONCLUSIONS: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin measured at pediatric cardiac intensive care unit arrival does not accurately predict acute kidney injury diagnosis, according to pediatric score indicating level of renal damage by pRIFLE classification. In these patients, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin might be helpful for renal replacement therapy prediction.