Temporal trends in vaccination coverage in the first year of life in Brazil / Tendência temporal das coberturas vacinais no primeiro ano de vida no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the temporal trends in vaccination coverage (VC) during the first year of life of children in Brazil. Methods: Data on VC for the first year of life from 2011 to 2020 for Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), hepatitis B, polio, pentavalent, and triple viral vaccines at the national, regional, and state levels were obtained from the Information System of the National Immunization Program. Trends were analyzed using Prais-Winsten generalized linear regression models and average annual percent change (APC) estimates. Results: Decreasing trends were observed for the BCG (APC −3.58%; p<0.05), pentavalent (APC −4.10%; p<0.05), polio (APC −2.76%; p<0.05), and triple viral (APC −2.56%; p<0.05) vaccines in the country. Hepatitis B vaccine was the only vaccine that displayed stationary behavior (APC −4.22%; p>0.05). During the study period, no increasing trends were observed in any territory or vaccine. Conclusions: This study shows a recent significant reduction and decreasing trends in VC during the first year of life of children in Brazil, indicating the need for interventions to curb this ongoing phenomenon and to recover acceptable VC rates in the country.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal da cobertura vacinal (CV) em crianças com idade menor ou igual a um ano no Brasil. Métodos: Foram empregados dados da CV no primeiro ano de vida de 2011 a 2020 referentes às vacinas BCG, hepatite B, poliomielite, pentavalente e tríplice viral, obtidos do Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações (SI-PNI). Os dados estão agregados em nível nacional, regional e estadual. Para a análise de tendência foi utilizado o modelo de regressão linear generalizado de Prais-Winsten e foi calculada a variação percentual média anual (APC). Resultados: As tendências de CV para as vacinas BCG (APC −3,58%; p<0,05), pentavalente (APC −4,10%; p<0,05), poliomielite (APC −2,76%; p<0,05) e tríplice viral (APC −2,56%; p<0,05) foram decrescentes no país. Apenas para a CV da vacina contra hepatite B foi identificado comportamento estacionário (APC −4,22%; p>0,05). Nenhum território ou vacina apresentou tendência crescente para cobertura vacinal no período estudado no Brasil. Conclusões: Este estudo alerta sobre a redução expressiva das CV no primeiro ano de vida nos últimos anos no Brasil e sua tendência decrescente, sendo imperativa a adoção de intervenções com o fim de frear o fenômeno em curso e de resgatar níveis aceitáveis de CV no país.

PosturAll: A Posture Assessment Software for Children.

From an early age, people are exposed to risk factors that can lead to musculoskeletal disorders like low back pain, neck pain and scoliosis. Medical screenings at an early age might minimize their incidence. The study intends to improve a software that processes images of patients, using specific anatomical sites to obtain risk indicators for possible musculoskeletal problems. This project was divided into four phases. First, markers and body metrics were selected for the postural assessment. Second, the software's capacity to detect the markers and run optimization tests was evaluated. Third, data were acquired from a population to validate the results using clinical software. Fourth, the classifiers' performance with the acquired data was analyzed. Green markers with diameters of 20 mm were used to optimize the software. The postural assessment using different types of cameras was conducted via the blob detection method. In the optimization tests, the angle parameters were the most influenced parameters. The data acquired showed that the postural analysis results were statistically equivalent. For the classifiers, the study population had 16 subjects with no evidence of postural problems, 25 with mild evidence and 16 with moderate-to-severe evidence. In general, using a binary classification with the train/test split validation method provided better results.

Development a Low-Cost Wireless Smart Meter with Power Quality Measurement for Smart Grid Applications.

Developing a low-cost wireless energy meter with power quality measurements for smart grid applications represents a significant advance in efficient and accurate electric energy monitoring. In increasingly complex and interconnected electric systems, this device will be essential for a wide range of applications, such as smart grids, by introducing a real-time energy monitoring system. In light of this, smart meters can offer greater opportunities for sustainable and efficient energy use and improve the utilization of energy sources, especially those that are nonrenewable. According to the 2020 International Energy Agency (IEA) report, nonrenewable energy sources represent 65% of the global supply chain. The smart meter developed in this work is based on the ESP32 microcontroller and easily accessible components since it includes a user-friendly development platform that offers a cost-effective solution while ensuring reliable performance. The main objective of developing the smart meters was to enhance the software and simplify the hardware. Unlike traditional meters that calculate electrical parameters by means of complex circuits in hardware, this project performed the calculations directly on the microcontroller. This procedure reduced the complexity of the hardware by simplifying the meter design. Owing to the high-performance processing capability of the microcontroller, efficient and accurate calculations of electrical parameters could be achieved without the need for additional circuits. This software-driven approach with simplified hardware led to benefits, such as reduced production costs, lower energy consumption, and a meter with improved accuracy, as well as updates on flexibility. Furthermore, the integrated wireless connectivity in the microcontroller enables the collected data to be transmitted to remote monitoring systems for later analysis. The innovative feature of this smart meter lies in the fact that it has readily available components, along with the ESP32 chip, which results in a low-cost smart meter with performance that is comparable to other meters available on the market. Moreover, it is has the capacity to incorporate IoT and artificial intelligence applications. The developed smart meter is cost effective and energy efficient, and offers benefits with regard to flexibility, and thus represents an innovative, efficient, and versatile solution for smart grid applications.

Pneumoconiose em artesãos de pedra-sabão na região de Ouro Preto, MG / Pneumoconiosis in soapstone handicraft workers in Ouro Preto, MG

A pedra-sabão, variedade de esteatita, é abundante na região de Ouro Preto, MG. Seu principal componente é o talco, que pode estar contaminado por sílica, asbesto ou outros minerais. O artesanato de pedra sabão constitui importante atividade econômica da região, na qual se estima que existam cerca de 5000 artesãos. Objetivos: relatar a ocorrência de casos de pneumoconiose, alguns já radiologicamente avançados, o que sugere a presença de talco puro ou contaminado por sílica em altas concentrações nos ambientes de trabalho. Metodologia: Foram analisadas as histórias clínica e ocupacional, a radiografia de tórax (padrão OIT) e a espirometria de sete artesãos de pedra sabão, residentes num pequeno distrito da região de Ouro Preto, atendidos no Centro de Referência Estadual em Saúde do Trabalhador de Minas Gerais (CEREST-MG). Resultados: A idade variou de 22 a 44 anos e o tempo de exposição ocupacional variou de 5 a 37 anos. À radiografia de tórax, foram encontradas anormalidades compatíveis com o diagnóstico de pneumoconiose, caracterizadas pela presença de pequenas opacidades em todos os casos, grandes opacidades em três e anormalidades pleurais em quatro. Conclusões: Apesar do importante número de expostos, ainda não existem na região registros sistemáticos de casos de pneumoconiose, especialmente avançados como os do presente estudo. Tal fato, alerta para a necessidade de criação de políticas públicas, que melhorem as condições de saúde e segurança no trabalho deste contingente, inserido na informalidade e à margem da cobertura previdenciária.

The soapstone, variet, of steatite, is abundant in lhe region of Ouro Preto, MG. Its main component is the talc that may be contaminated by asbestos or silica, as well as other minerals. The soapstone handicraft work is an important economic activity in the region, with ao estimated number of 5000 handicraft workers. Objectives: To report the occurrence of pnemoconiosis cases, some of them already radiologically advanced, suggesting the presence of talc pure or contamined by silica in high concentrations at work environments. Methodology: We have reviewed the background occupational, clinical history, chest X-ray (ILO standard) and spirometry of seven soapstone handicraft workers, resident in a small district of the region of Ouro Preto, assisted in the Workers Health State Reference Center of Minas Gerais, Brazil (CEREST-MG). Results: The age ranged from 22 to 44 years and the time of occupational exposure ranged from 5 to 37 years. All chest X-rays showed abnormalities consistent with the diagnosis of pneumoconiosis, characterized by small opacities. Besides, three of them had large opacities and four others had pleural abnormalities. Conclusions: Despite a large number of exposures, there are no systematic records of pneumoconiosis cases in the region, especially as advanced as those found in this study. This fact, coupled with the occurrence of cases, draws attention to the need for creating public policies to improve theconditions of health and safety at work of this quota inserted in informality and in the margins of social welfare coverage.

Cefaléia termossensível: relato de caso relacionado ao trabalho / Climate-related migraine: occupational case report

A cefaléia é um problema de saúde muito prevalente em todo o mundo, com conseqüências importantes não só para os indivíduos afetados, mas para a sociedade em geral. A importância econômica da enxaqueca pode ser evidenciada pelo seu pico de prevalência, 25 a 55 anos, faixa em que se encontra a maior parte da população economicamente ativa. O caso apresentado é de importância por alertar para a possibilidade de nexo com o trabalho para uma doença não reconhecida clássica e oficialmente reconhecida como tal, o que influencia sobremaneira os desdobramentos do caso, especialmente para o paciente, a empresa e a Previdência Social. São discutidas questões como a importância da anamnese ocupacional e do diário de atividades; a dificuldade do estabelecimento do nexo causal e a importância e dificuldades da reabilitação profissional.

Headache is a prevalent problem throughout the world, and its consequences are important to both individual and society levels. Migraine occurs more commonly among economically active patients (25-55 years old) having thus an additional importance. Among the various causes of migraine lies the influence of climate. In this case report not also this factor was identified as the precipitating one, but was considered as related to work. The case is of great importance to underline the possibility of considering the occupational nexus for some diseases which are not officially recognized as related to work. We discuss the importance of occupational anamnesis and the diary of activities; the problems one has to face to establish the relation with work and the importance and difficulties of Brazil’s Social Security System in providing professional rehabilitation.