Nanoemulsions: Using emulsifiers from natural sources replacing synthetic ones-A review.

In recent years, substantial consideration within the food industry has been aimed at the development of food-grade nanoemulsions (NE) as promising systems for encapsulating, stabilizing, and delivering bioactive compounds. Although numerous studies have revealed the critical potential of NE, there are still several challenges to overcome them. These include the extensive amounts of synthetic emulsifiers needed for NE formulation, which can potentially be toxic for human health. The interest in safety, and natural emulsifiers have stimulated food manufacturers to develop "label-friendly" formulations by replacing synthetic emulsifiers with natural alternatives. This review represents a critical and comprehensive summary of the application of natural emulsifiers as potential substitutes for synthetic emulsifiers in NE production, with particular emphasis on the newly identified natural emulsifiers. Some recent reports showed the excellent emulsifying properties of various natural emulsifier extracted from natural resources, to produce NE, and therefore, might be generalized for further industrial applications. Future trends are encouraged to identify novel natural emulsifiers from industrial food by-products that may demonstrate highly effective emulsifiers.

Microencapsulation of betanin in monodisperse W/O/W emulsions.

Betanin is the main pigment of the food color beetroot red (E162). Due to the fair heat and light stability of E162, this pigment is mainly used in minimally processed packaged food products. Encapsulation increases the stability of betanin, but detailing on the effect of different sources of betanin on the properties and stability of multiple emulsions are scarce. Here we describe the encapsulation of E162, spray-dried beetroot juice and betanin in a monodisperse food-grade water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions by using microchannel emulsification. We compare the tinctorial strength of the encapsulated pigments and investigate the effect of temperature, storage period and pigment concentration on emulsion stability and color. Betanin increases the overall stability of the W/O/W emulsion, reduce the oil droplet size and improve size distribution when compared to the negative control without pigment and to emulsions containing betanin from other sources.

Production of alcohol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of low-grade wheat flour

Dois lotes de amostras de resíduo de farinha de trigo com teor reduzido de amido, especificamente designadas como amostra 1 (LG1) e amostra 2 (LG2), foram utilizados como substrato para fermentação alcoólica. Inicialmente as amostras foram hidrolisadas utilizando-se diferentes concentrações de alfa- ou beta-amilase, com o objetivo de otimizar a produção de açúcares fermentáveis; a enzima alfa-amilase apresentou melhor desempenho. O processo simultâneo de sacarificação e fermentação foi conduzido logo após a hidrólise do amido, em um fermentador com volume de 2 L; o meio contendo amido hidrolisado foi inoculado com amiloglucosidase (enzima utilizada para sacarificação) e levedura de panificação desidratada (para fermentação), simultaneamente. Amostras do meio de fermentação foram retiradas regularmente para análise dos teores de glucose, maltose, açúcares redutores e etanol. O teor de Adenosina Tri-Fosfato (ATP) também foi analisado. O açúcar glucose foi completamente consumido no início da fermentação, tanto no caso da amostra LG1, quanto LG2, sendo que a produção de etanol no caso de LG1 (38.6 g/L) foi superior aquela obtida com LG2 (24.9 g/L). A produção máxima de ATP foi observada no início do processo. A amostra LG1 apresentou um maior potencial como substrato para a produção de etanol.