Unraveling the role of high-intensity resistance training on left ventricle proteome: Is there a shift towards maladaptation?

High-intensity resistance training (RT) induces adaptations that improve physiological function. However, high intensity, volume and/or frequency may lead to injury and other health issues such as adverse cardiac effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of RT on left ventricle proteome, and to identify the pathways involved on the harmful adaptations induced by this protocol. Male Wistar rats were randomized into 2 groups: Trained (T) and Sedentary (S). Animals from T group were trained for 6weeks, and then all the animals were sacrificed and left ventricle was isolated for analysis. We identified 955 proteins, and 93 proteins were considered; 36 were expressed exclusively in T group, and 4 in S group. Based on quantitative analysis, 42 proteins were found overexpressed and 11 underexpressed in T group compared with S group. Using the Gene Ontology to relate the biological processes in which these proteins are involved, we conclude that RT protocol promotes changes similar to those found in the initial phase of heart failure, but we also observed a concomitant increased expression of protective proteins, suggesting the activation of pathways to avoid major damages on left ventricle and delay the onset of pathological hypertrophy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Our study shows that high-intensity RT protocol changes left ventricle proteome, modifying metabolic profile of heart tissue and inducing the expression of proteins that acts against cardiac injury. We hypothesize that these adaptations occur to prevent the onset of cardiac dysfunction. Despite highly significant, it remains to be determined whether these adaptations are sufficient to further keep left ventricle function and exert cardioprotection, and whether this panel will be shifted towards maladaptation, and heart failure.

Exercise training in hypertension: Role of microRNAs.

Hypertension is a complex disease that constitutes an important public health problem and demands many studies in order to understand the molecular mechanisms involving his pathophysiology. Therefore, an increasing number of studies have been conducted and new therapies are continually being discovered. In this context, exercise training has emerged as an important non-pharmacological therapy to treat hypertensive patients, minimizing the side effects of pharmacological therapies and frequently contributing to allow pharmacotherapy to be suspended. Several mechanisms have been associated with the pathogenesis of hypertension, such as hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, impaired endothelial nitric oxide production, increased oxygen-reactive species, vascular thickening and stiffening, cardiac hypertrophy, impaired angiogenesis, and sometimes genetic predisposition. With the advent of microRNAs (miRNAs), new insights have been added to the perspectives for the treatment of this disease, and exercise training has been shown to be able to modulate the miRNAs associated with it. Elucidation of the relationship between exercise training and miRNAs in the pathogenesis of hypertension is fundamental in order to understand how exercise modulates the cardiovascular system at genetic level. This can be promising even for the development of new drugs. This article is a review of how exercise training acts on hypertension by means of specific miRNAs in the heart, vascular system, and skeletal muscle.

Relationship between oral health and psychological factors in institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly individuals / Relação entre saúde bucal e fatores psicológicos em idosos institucionalizados e não institucionalizados

Objective: To compare the oral health status between institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly individuals living in Maringá, PR, Brazil and toanalyze how clinical and psychologic variables are correlated. Methods: In this study, 86 elderly persons from Maringá were analyzed, of whom 38 were institutionalized and 48 non-institutionalized. Subjective oral health conditions based on General Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) were analyzed. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were used to evaluate psychological conditions and stress self-perception, respectively, of all individuals. The dental status of subjects was evaluated using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT), considering their use of or need for removable dental prostheses. The salivary flow and salivary cortisol levels were measured. Results: Institutionalized subjects had more symptoms of depression, lower salivary flow and a larger number of missing and decayed teeth whencompared with non-institutionalized individuals, who presented a larger number of filled teeth. Use of and need for prosthesis were moreprevalent in the institutionalized group. Correlation was found between salivary flow and need for prosthesis, and between salivary flow andmissing teeth. No significant statistical difference was found among GOHAI, PSS and salivary cortisol levels. Conclusion: The fact that institutionalized elderly assessed have a more precarious oral health status than that of the non-institutionalized is associated with clinical, social, and psychological aspects. Effective dental and psychological interventions are needed to improve the quality of oral health of the institutionalized elderly living in Maringá.

Objetivo: Comparar as condições de saúde bucal entre idosos institucionalizados e não institucionalizados da cidade de Maringá e analisar como as variáveis clínicas e/ou psicológicas se correlacionam.Métodos: Participaram desta pesquisa 86 idosos da cidade de Maringá, 38 institucionalizados e 48 não institucionalizados. Foram avaliadas as condições subjetivas de saúde bucal por meio do índice General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). A condição psicológica foi avaliada pela Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS-15) e a autopercepção de situações estressantes, pela Escala de Estresse Percebido (PSS). Para avaliação clínica da saúde bucal foi analisada a condição dos dentes por meio do índice de dentes cariados, perdidos, obturados (CPO-D) e o uso enecessidade de próteses removíveis. Foram também analisados o fluxo salivar e a concentração de cortisol salivar. Resultados: O grupo institucionalizado apresentou mais sintomas depressivos, menor fluxo salivar, maior número de dentes perdidos e cariados, e maior frequência de uso e necessidade de próteses dentárias em comparação com o não institucionalizado. Idosos não institucionalizados apresentaram maior quantidade de dentes restaurados. Foi observada correlação negativa entre fluxo salivar e necessidade de próteses e também entre fluxo salivar e dentes cariados. O índice GOHAI, PSS e níveis de cortisol salivar não diferiram entre os grupos. Conclusão: A precária condição de saúde oral do idoso institucionalizado em relação ao não institucionalizado está associada com aspectos clínicos, sociais e psicológicos. Nesse sentido, efetivas intervenções odontológicas e psicológicas são necessárias para melhorar a qualidade da saúde oral dos idosos institucionalizados na cidade de Maringá.