Alpha 1-adrenergic blockade does not alter control of skin blood flow during exercise.

Human skin blood flow (SkBF) is controlled by both an alpha-adrenergic vasoconstrictor system and an active vasodilator system. During upright dynamic exercise, SkBF increases linearly with increasing body core temperature (Tc) until higher (i.e., greater than 38 degrees C) Tcs, beyond which little further increase in SkBF occurs. To examine the role of the two efferent control arms in this attenuated SkBF rise, we tested nine men (aged 25-53 yr) with and without (placebo) orally administered prazosin HCl (an alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist) during 1 h of moderate cycle exercise (100 W) in a warm (36 degrees C, 45% relative humidity) environment. Blockade of reflex vasoconstriction was verified via a cold challenge. During exercise, mean arterial pressure (MAP, brachial auscultation) was significantly lower (P less than 0.03) and heart rate significantly higher (P less than 0.02) during the prazosin trials; plasma catecholamine concentrations were unaffected. Neither esophageal temperature (Tes) nor mean skin temperature was affected by the drug during exercise. Forearm vascular conductance (FVC) was calculated from forearm blood flow (FBF, venous occlusion plethysmography) and MAP (FVC = FBF/MAP). FVC plotted as a function of time or Tes resulted in coincident response patterns for the placebo and prazosin treatments, reaching a plateau at a Tes of about 38 degrees C. The responses of the older men were not selectively altered by prazosin treatment, indicating that the lower FBF responses previously seen in older subjects during exercise in the heat does not appear to be the result of an increased alpha 1-adrenergic tone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age and hypohydration independently influence the peripheral vascular response to heat stress.

Seven young (Y, 22-28 yr) and seven middle-aged (MA, 49-60 yr) normotensive men of similar body size, fatness, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were exposed to a heat challenge in an environmental chamber (48 degrees C, 15% relative humidity). Tests were performed in two hydration states: hydrated (H, 25 ml water/kg body wt 1 h before the test, 2.5 h before exercise) and hypohydrated (Hypo, after 18-20 h of water deprivation). Each test began with a 90-min rest period during which the transiently increased plasma volume and decreased osmolality after drinking in the H condition returned to base line. This period was followed by 30 min of cycle exercise at a mean intensity of 43% VO2max and a 60-min resting recovery period with water ad libitum. Although prior drinking caused no sustained changes in plasma osmolality, Hypo increased plasma osmolality by 7-10 mosmol/kg in both groups. There were no significant age differences in water intake, urine output or osmolality, overall change in body weight, or sweating rate. In the H state, the percent change in plasma volume was less (P less than 0.01) during exercise for the Y group (-5.9 +/- 0.7%) than for the MA group (-9.4 +/- 0.6%). Esophageal temperature (Tes) was higher in the Hypo condition for both groups with no age-related differences. Throughout the 3-h period, mean skin temperature was higher in the Y group and significantly so (P less than 0.05) in the Hypo condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Photoperiodism in Ostrinia nubilalis: a new protocol for the analysis of the role of the circadian system.

A 12-hr dark period, at a temperature high enough to permit time measurement to occur, is necessary for maximal induction of larval diapause in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. In the present study, induction of diapause only occurred in a periodic environment. This was in the form of certain (1) light-dark (LD) cycles at a constant temperature; (2) thermoperiods in constant darkness (DD), but not constant illumination (LL); and (3) LD cycles with concurrent thermoperiods. A light-break experiment protocol, in which the pulses systematically scan the cold and warm phases of a thermoperiod in DD, is discussed as a way of helping clarify how seasonal time measurement is effected in Ostrinia.