Bioinspired bi-phasic 3D nanoflowers of MgO/Mg(OH)2 coated melamine sponge as a novel bactericidal agent.

By roughly mimicking the surface architectural design of dragonfly wings, novel bi-phasic 3D nanoflowers of MgO/Mg(OH)2 were successfully synthesized via the electrospinning technique. The 3D nanoflowers were coated over a commercial melamine sponge and extensively characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, and EDS. The formation of distinct dense 3D nano petals was revealed by SEM images whereby the mean petal thickness and mean distance between the adjacent petals were found to be 36 nm and 121 nm, respectively. The bactericidal activities of synthesized 3D nano-flowers coated melamine sponges were assessed against five different bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). This study demonstrated significant bactericidal activity of MgO/Mg(OH)2 3D nanoflowers coated MS against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Plausible bactericidal mechanisms include envelope deformation, penetration, and induction of oxidative stress. This study introduces novel bioinspired biomaterial with the capacity to reduce the risk associated with pathogenic bacterial infections, especially in medical devices.

Technical insights to multivisceral resections using the da Vinci Xi.

BACKGROUND: There have been few reports on the feasibility and safety of robotic multivisceral surgeries. The da Vinci Xi boasts significant upgrades that improve its applicability in combined resections. We report our early experience of multivisceral, multi-quadrant resections with the Xi system. METHODS: Between May 2015 and August 2019, 13 multivisceral resections were performed. Patient demographics, procedural data, and perioperative outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: The procedures were completed at a median operative time of 290 (range, 210-535) minutes. The median postoperative length of hospital stay was 3.5 (range, 2-7) days. There was one case of readmission for anastomotic leak, but no positioning injuries, external robot arm collisions or issues arising from trocar position. There were no cases of perioperative mortality. CONCLUSION: Multivisceral resections can be safely accomplished using the Xi. Further studies are necessary to ascertain whether there are benefits of the robotic approach over conventional laparoscopy in these complex cases.

Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism and Reversal of Renin Suppression Improves Left Ventricular Systolic Function.

Introduction: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, treatment of PA has not been shown to improve left ventricular (LV) systolic function using the conventional assessment with LV ejection fraction (LVEF). We aim to use speckle-tracking echocardiography to assess for improvement in subclinical systolic function after treatment of PA. Methods: We prospectively recruited 57 patients with PA, who underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) measurements and echocardiography, including global longitudinal strain (GLS) assessment of left ventricle, at baseline and 12 months post-treatment. Results: At baseline, GLS was low in 14 of 50 (28.0%) patients. On multivariable analysis, GLS was associated with diastolic BP (P = 0.038) and glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.026). GLS improved post-surgery by -2.3, 95% CI: -3.9 to -0.6, P = 0.010, and post-medications by -1.3, 95% CI: -2.6 to 0.03, P = 0.089, whereas there were no changes in LVEF in either group. Improvement in GLS was independently correlated with baseline GLS (P < 0.001) and increase in plasma renin activity (P = 0.007). Patients with post-treatment plasma renin activity ≥1 ng/ml/h had improvements in GLS (P = 0.0019), whereas patients with persistently suppressed renin had no improvement. Post-adrenalectomy, there were also improvements in LV mass index (P = 0.012), left atrial volume index (P = 0.002), and mitral E/e' (P = 0.006), whereas it was not statistically significant in patients treated with medications. Conclusion: Treatment of hyperaldosteronism is effective in improving subclinical LV systolic dysfunction. Elevation of renin levels after treatment, which reflects adequate reversal of sodium overload state, is associated with better systolic function after treatment. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03174847.

Improvement in quality of life and psychological symptoms after treatment for primary aldosteronism: Asian Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: In addition to increased cardiovascular risk, patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) also suffer from impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and psychological symptoms. We assessed for changes in HRQoL and depressive symptoms in a cohort of Asian patients with PA, after surgical and medical therapy. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with PA were prospectively recruited and completed questionnaires from 2017 to 2020. HRQoL was assessed using RAND-36 and EQ-5D-3L, and depressive symptoms were assessed using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year post-treatment. RESULTS: At 1 year post-treatment, significant improvement was observed in both physical and mental summative scores of RAND-36, +3.65, P = 0.023, and +3.41, P = 0.033, respectively, as well as four subscale domains (physical functioning, bodily pain, role emotional, and mental health). Significant improvement was also seen in EQ-5D dimension of anxiety/depression at 1 year post-treatment. Patients treated with surgery (n = 21) had significant improvement in EQ-5D index score post-treatment and better EQ-5D outcomes compared to the medical group (n = 13) at 1 year post-treatment. 37.9, 41.6 and 58.6% of patients had symptoms in the cognitive, affective and somatic domains of BDI-II, respectively. There was a significant improvement in the affective domain of BDI-II at 1 year post-treatment. CONCLUSION: Both surgical and medical therapy improve HRQoL and psychological symptoms in patients with PA, with surgery providing better outcomes. This highlights the importance of early diagnosis, accurate subtyping and appropriate treatment of PA.

Is there still a role of balloon dilatation of benign ureteric strictures in 2019?

Introduction and Objectives: Reconstructive surgery for benign ureteric strictures and long term nephrostomy are often invasive and lead to poor quality of life. Balloon dilatation has the potential to bridge this gap. We present the outcome of our series and examine the risk factors of stricture recurrence.Materials and Methods: There were 109 strictures in our series from August 2012 to July 2018 in our single center retrospective cohort analysis. All strictures were dilated retrogradely or antegradely and followed by stenting. Follow-up imaging was done to assess stricture recurrence.Results: Mean patient age was 57.7-years-old (SD ± 12.6). Mean follow-up was 20.2 months (SE ± 1.8). All strictures were successfully dilated and stented. Overall, mean patency rate was 63.7% at mean follow-up of 20.2 months (SE ± 1.8). Strictures caused by stone/inflammation had 28.0% (21/75) risk of recurrence compared to iatrogenic causes, 63.6% (7/11), and radiotherapy, 100.0% (5/5) (p = 0.001). Non-incidental strictures also had significantly higher risk of recurrence at 57.4% (27/47) vs. incidental strictures at 13.6% (6/44) (p = 0.000). The mean length of strictures was 12.5 mm (SE ± 1.7) in the recurrence group vs. 9.6 mm (SE ± 0.7) in those without recurrence (p = 0.001). The presence of ipsilateral atrophic kidney was associated with 72.2% (13/18) risk of recurrence vs. non-atrophic kidney 27.4% (20/73) (p = 0.000). The mean age of stricture was 14.5 months (SE ± 4.6) and 5.2 months (SE ± 2.1) in the recurrence and non-recurrence groups, respectively (p = 0.013).Conclusions: Balloon dilatation of benign ureteric stricture is a feasible option. Its effect can be long-lasting in selected patients, that is, non-irradiated, incidental, short strictures with normal kidneys. This will benefit patients unfit for reconstructive surgery.

Acute testicular ischaemia following aortoiliac stenting for aortoiliac occlusive disease.

Endovascular treatment is increasingly employed as the treatment for symptomatic aortoiliac occlusive disease. One of the possible complications of aortoiliac stenting is the development of emboli. We present a case of a 60-year-old patient presenting with right scrotal pain immediately following aortoiliac stenting for right common iliac, proximal external iliac and proximal internal iliac arteries thrombosis. He was found to have testicular ischaemia with absent blood flow on duplex ultrasonography. The patient was managed expectantly and reduced blood flow spontaneously returned to the testis over the next few weeks.

Is excision necessary in the management of adult urachal remnants?: a 12-year experience at a single institution.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the ideal management of uncomplicated adult urachal remnants and to confirm if conservative management with repeated imaging is acceptable. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective review of clinical notes and imaging of 45 patients with a mean age of 54.6 years who had been diagnosed with urachal anomalies at a single urology tertiary centre from January 2005 to December 2016. Patients who underwent surgical intervention and findings from patients managed non-operatively, with a mean follow up of 31 months, were evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty (66.7%) patients had incidental findings, while 15 (33.3%) were symptomatic. Eight underwent excision, one underwent an incision and drainage of abscess, while 34 of the 36 remaining patients elected to undergo surveillance with repeated ultrasound imaging. Two were lost to follow-up. Malignancy was confirmed in three patients. There was interval stability of the urachal remnant in all the patients in the non-operative cohort. The small sample size, limited follow-up, and retrospective nature of the study are recognised limitations. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that simple and asymptomatic lesions can be monitored with ultrasound, but effort must be made on initial diagnosis to ensure that malignancy is excluded using CT imaging and flexible cystoscopy where possible. Long-term follow-up of this cohort is required to assess the natural history of observed urachal anomalies.

Urinary incontinence in female outpatients in Singapore.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence, symptom characteristics, risk factors and impact on quality of life (QoL) of urinary incontinence (UI) in female outpatients in Singapore, to describe the attitudes of these women towards UI, and to investigate the barriers to healthcare-seeking behaviour in symptomatic women. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in a convenience sample and 249 women enrolled from outpatient clinics. A modified self-administered questionnaire which included two validated instruments (the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence short form and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7) was used. RESULTS: Questionnaires from 230 women were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of UI was 41.74% (95% CI 35.49-48.26%). Most of the symptomatic women suffered from mild UI and the most common subtype was stress UI. Age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.05), vaginal delivery (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.43-4.97) and being sexually active (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.31-4.43) were associated with UI. Among symptomatic women, only 41.25% (95% CI 30.82-52.53%) had sought medical attention before. The most common barrier to healthcare-seeking behaviour was embarrassment. The median QoL score was 33.33, indicating a mild impact of UI on QoL. QoL score was associated with UI severity (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high prevalence of UI, only about 41% of UI sufferers had sought medical attention before. Common barriers included embarrassment, fear of surgery and misconceptions. This study emphasizes the need for policy development for UI prevention and management in Singapore.

The use of antimuscarinics, phosphodiesterase type V inhibitors and phytotherapy for lower urinary tract symptoms in men.

Besides the mainstay of α-blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors, other forms of medical therapy complete the armamentarium in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men. These treatments can target specific symptoms as well as associated symptoms that would affect the quality of life of the patients. Many patients are bothered by storage symptoms, more so than the voiding symptoms. Antimuscarinics are efficacious and safe, provided the patients do not have high post void residual urine. Many patients with LUTS also have erectile dysfunction, and phosphodiesterase type V inhibitors are effective in relieving both LUTS as well as erectile dysfunction for such patients. Phytotherapy provides a popular and safe treatment for LUTS, however, the efficacy of the treatment has not been proven in well conducted prospective randomized controlled studies.

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Advantages and limitations.

PURPOSE: The use of ultrasound in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has not been shown to translate to better clinical and stone outcomes. To compare the operative outcomes, postoperative outcomes and complication rates of ultrasound-guided access PCNL (USGA-PCNL) versus fluoroscopy-guided access PCNL (FGA-PCNL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 184 consecutive patients who underwent PCNL from July 2008 to September 2014 were identified from our PCNL database. Seventy-two patients underwent USGA-PCNL and 112 FGA-PCNL. RESULTS: The patients were similar in age, sex, race, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, mean largest stone diameters, side of PCNL, number of stones and the degree of hydronephrosis between both groups. There were higher rates of upper pole (5.6% vs. 3.6%), mid pole (8.3% vs. 2.7%) and multiple pole punctures (4.2% vs. 0%) in USGA-PCNL compared to FGA-PCNL (p=0.027). There was no difference in the stone free rates of both groups in univariate analysis. Those who had FGA-PCNL were 2.26 (95% confidence interval, 1.09-4.75; p=0.029) times more likely to require a second-look procedure compared to USGA-PCNL on univariate analysis but not on multivariate analysis. There were no differences in Clavien-Dindo complications. No patient in the USGA-PCNL group experienced organ injuries during puncture compared to 1 patient in the FGA-PCNL group who had pneumothorax requiring urgent chest tube insertion. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ultrasonography to guide access puncture during PCNL eliminates the risk of inadvertent organ injuries. Similar operative and stone outcomes show that the learning curve for USGA is minimal compared to conventional FGA.

Inadvertent placement of a urinary catheter into the ureter: A report of 3 cases and review of the literature.

We describe three cases of inadvertent placement of the urinary catheter into the ureter. An 85-year-old gentleman on long-term indwelling catheter (IDC) for neurogenic bladder presented with fever and right flank pain. CT of abdomen and pelvis demonstrated the tip of the IDC to be located within the right vesicoureteric junction with acute right hydronephrosis and acute pyelonephritis. A 74-year-old woman, on long-term IDC for neurogenic bladder was found to have hydronephrosis on ultrasound imaging. Contrast-enhanced CT intravenous pyelography done subsequently showed the IDC was in the right distal ureter. A 47-year-old lady, on IDC for urinary retention and voiding dysfunction likely secondary to schizophrenia and anti-psychotic medications, presented with raised creatinine. A non-enhanced CT of her abdomen and pelvis was done and showed that the tip of the urethral IDC was located up to the left vesicoureteric junction. In all patients, the hydronephrosis resolved after changing the catheter and they were well on discharge. We also review the literature to identify the incidence, outcomes and possible risk factors. To our knowledge, only 20 cases have been reported thus far in the English literature. Although serious complications can occur, the incidence is very low. One risk factor that has been identified is long-term catheterization in patients with neurogenic bladder. We do not recommend routine imaging after catheterization in this group of patients. However, we should still be mindful of the possibility of this occurrence and evaluate and treat as necessary when clinical suspicion arises.

Spermatic cord abscess: a rare complication of epididymo-orchitis, the diagnosis and management.

We present a case of a 54-year-old man who had a history of poorly controlled diabetes and end-stage renal failure on haemodialysis. He presented with an acute left groin swelling that was diagnosed to be a rare occurrence of spermatic cord abscess. Two months prior to this, he had had an episode of bacterial epididymo-orchitis that was treated with oral antibiotics. An urgent CT of the abdomen and pelvis was performed to rule out incarcerated inguinal hernia. The spermatic cord abscess was initially managed with appropriate intravenous antibiotics and ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage. When the pus eventually accumulated in the scrotum, an open incision and drainage of the scrotum was also performed. He achieved complete resolution after 2 months.

Detection rate of prostate cancer on the basis of the vienna nomogram: a singapore study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the Vienna nomogram prostate biopsy model in the detection of prostate cancer in our local population. We also assessed the incidence of complications from using such a template. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2006 to June 2007, 120 men with either elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) scores (>4 ng/mL) and/or abnormal digital rectal examination were enrolled prospectively to undergo extraction of 6 to 18 cores for transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, as indicated by the Vienna nomogram. RESULTS: The mean age was 62.6±8.3 years (range, 40-86 years). The mean PSA score was 13.42 ng/mL. The mean number of cores obtained was 9.68±3.1. According to the Vienna nomogram, 27 out of a total of 120 patients had prostate cancer, for a detection rate of 22.5%. In the group of patients with PSA scores <10 ng/mL, the detection rate was 14.9% (14 of 94 patients). The group of patients with PSA scores >10 ng/mL had a detection rate of 50% (13 of 26). The complication rate in our study was 7.5%. CONCLUSIONS: With the use of the Vienna nomogram, our prostate cancer detection rate is comparable to previously published data for Asian patients. This nomogram offers an easy tool with which to select the optimal number of prostate biopsy cores to be taken on the basis of patient age and total prostate volume. With this biopsy strategy, we also have found that the complication rate from prostate biopsy is low.

Outcomes of long-term follow-up of patients with conservative management of asymptomatic renal calculi.

OBJECTIVE: • To evaluate the long-term outcomes of patients undergoing observation of asymptomatic renal calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: • This is a retrospective review of 50 patients with 85 stones undergoing observation with annual imaging from January 2005 to December 2009. • The incidences of spontaneous stone passage, stone progression and intervention were evaluated and assessed for statistical difference according to initial size and location of stone. • Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy were performed when patients developed complications from the stones. RESULTS: • Patients were followed up for a mean of 46 months. Sixteen percent had bilateral stones and 38% had multiple stones. • The average stone size was 5.7 mm and 31%, 26% and 43% of the stones were located in the upper, middle and lower pole respectively. • Overall incidences of spontaneous passage, progression and intervention were 20%, 45.9% and 7.1% respectively. • Stones measuring 5 mm or less were significantly more likely to pass (P= 0.006). • There was no significant difference in the incidence of passage according to the initial location of the stone (P= 0.092). There was no significant difference in intervention or progression according to the initial size (P= 0.477 and 0.282 respectively) or location of stone (P= 0.068 and 0.787 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: • Patients with asymptomatic renal stones may be managed conservatively in view of low risk of intervention (7.1%). • Annual imaging should be performed as half of these stones will progress in size.

Acute pyelonephritis and renal abscesses in adults--correlating clinical parameters with radiological (computer tomography) severity.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlations between clinical and biochemical parameters with radiological severity of CT diagnosed acute pyelonephritis (APN) and renal abscesses, thereafter defining clinical predictors to identify patients with severe APN or renal abscesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The inpatient medical records of all patients diagnosed with APN or renal abscesses admitted over one year were reviewed. Patients with CT imaging performed were classified into 3 groups--mild APN, severe APN and renal abscesses. Clinical and biochemical parameters were correlated with radiological severity. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty patients were included in the study. Male gender, older age, presence of diabetes mellitus and unobstructing renal stones were significantly associated with severe APN or renal abscesses. Clinical and biochemical parameters that were associated with more severe disease include a higher leucocyte count and C-reactive proteins, left neutrophil shift, thrombocytosis or thrombocytopenia, low serum albumin, acute renal impairment and bacteremia. The percentage of patients had positive urine and blood cultures were 40.8% and 30.7% respectively. Of these patients, 97.9% had severe APN or renal abscesses on CT imaging had diabetes mellitus (DM), hypotension, acute renal failure or leucocyte count of >20K. CONCLUSION: Our study showed a good correlation between clinical and radiological severity in adult patients with APN and renal abscesses. Patients with severe APN or renal abscesses were likely to be diabetics presenting with hypotension, acute renal impairment and a leucocyte count of greater than 20K.

Presentation and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a Singapore experience profiling ethnic differences in a multiracial study cohort.

INTRODUCTION: While benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) incidence has been shown to vary by race and ethnicity, data is lacking among Asians. This study aimed to describe the baseline symptom profile and response to medical therapy in a multiracial Singaporean cohort with BPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), uroflowmetry and prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels were retrospectively analysed for 887 men at presentation and on follow-up 1 year later. Following diagnosis, 150 men were managed conservatively and 586 men with drugs; 151 received surgery. RESULTS: Overall median IPSS scores were 9.0 at baseline. Malay men most often had severe symptoms (17.3%), compared to other groups (Chinese 11.7%, Others 11.1%, Indians 10.7%). Indians most frequently showed improvement in the Quality of Life (QOL) score following intervention (64.3%). Malays had the poorest initial mean peak-flow rates (9.6 mL/s) and Chinese, the highest (12.0 mL/s). Initial post-void residual urine volume was highest in Malays (100.1 mL) but showed greatest reduction with medical treatment. Median IPSS scores decreased from 10.5 below 50 years old to 7.0 above 80 years old. Peak-flow rates were 12.6 to 7.2 mL/s respectively, with a corresponding upward trend in RU. Treatment with a combination of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor and alpha-blocker yielded the greatest improvement in IPSS and QOL scores, and residual urine volume (71.4%, 60% and 68.8%, respectively). Indians had the lowest initial and follow-up PSA (1.5 and 1.2, P = 0.8 and 0.6, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Inter-ethnic differences in symptom perception and quantitative assessment of BPH were evident among our multiracial urban study cohort, as well as varied degrees of response to the medical treatments instituted.

Efficacy and tolerability of vardenafil in Asian men with erectile dysfunction.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of vardenafil, a phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor, in men of Asian ethnicity with erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: In this prospective, double-blind, multinational study, Asian men were randomized to receive vardenafil (10 mg) or placebo (4:1 ratio) for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy variables were the International Index of Erectile Function erectile function domain (IIEF-EF), and Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP) questions related to penetration and intercourse completion. Significant mean improvements were required in all three measures to show positive benefits of vardenafil treatment. Secondary efficacy variables included the Global Assessment Question (GAQ) on erection improvement. RESULTS: Least-squares mean baseline IIEF-EF domain scores (vardenafil 14.6, placebo 13.4) were consistent with moderate ED. After 12 weeks, vardenafil treatment was associated with significant increases from the baseline in IIEF-EF domain scores compared with the placebo (22.4 vs. 14.3; P<0.001). Vardenafil was associated with significant improvements from baseline in least squares (LS) mean success rates for SEP-2 (vardenafil 82.2 vs. placebo 43.6; P<0.001) and SEP-3 (vardenafil 66.1 vs. placebo 24.0; P<0.001). Positive GAQ responses were reported by 81.8% of vardenafil recipients vs. 24.3% of placebo recipients. Adverse events were reported by 25.4% of the vardenafil group, the majority mild and transient. CONCLUSION: Vardenafil (10 mg) is a highly effective and well-tolerated treatment for moderate ED in Asian men. These results add to the increasing amount of data demonstrating the safety and efficacy of vardenafil for the treatment of ED in a range of patient populations.

Lower pole ratio: a new and accurate predictor of lower pole stone clearance after shockwave lithotripsy?

BACKGROUND: Lower pole spatial anatomy is an important determinant of success after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. In the present study, we determine whether there is a significant relationship between lower pole ratio (infundibular length : infundibular width) on preoperative intravenous urograms and stone fragment clearances after shockwave lithotripsy. METHODS: A total of 42 patients with isolated lower pole stones were retrospectively reviewed. Anatomical factors, such as infundibular length, width and infundibulopelvic angle were measured and the lower pole ratio was calculated on pretreatment intravenous urogram. Stone fragment clearance was assessed at three months with a plain abdominal X-ray. RESULTS: The overall three-month stone-free rate was 62%. Mean stone size +/- SD was 10 +/- 4.8 mm, mean infundibular length was 21.7 +/- 6.9 mm, mean infundibular width was 6.1 +/- 2.3 mm, mean infundibulopelvic angle was 62.1 +/- 30.1 degrees and mean lower pole ratio was 4.3 +/- 2.8. Stone-free status after shockwave lithotripsy was significantly related to infundibular length and width as well as to lower pole ratio, but not to infundibulo-pelvic angle. Infundibular length less than 30 mm, width greater than 5 mm and lower pole ratio less than 3.5 were noted to have an improved three-month stone-free rate (P = 0.049, 0.01 and <0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Caliceal anatomy is an important consideration for lower pole stone clearance after shockwave lithotripsy. The present study suggests that a lower pole ratio of less than 3.5, which considers both infundibular length and width, is a promising predictor for stone-free status.