Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes: what is the connection?

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition primarily affecting individuals 65 years of age and older. There are few therapies available, and the disease is eventually fatal. Although the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of AD remain unknown, a strong correlation between insulin dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and AD has recently been established. This has led to innovative research in the prevention and treatment of AD. Currently the most promising antidiabetic treatment options for AD are intranasal insulin and liraglutide, both of which are being investigated in ongoing clinical trials. Intranasal insulin showed promise in a pilot human trial, and while initial results appear positive, the clinical significance is unknown. Whereas current treatments only slow disease progression for a relatively short time, these new therapies may be able to reverse damage that has already occurred and potentially restore neurological function.

Optically active 1,1'-spirobiindane-7,7'-diol (SPINOL)-based phosphoric acids as highly enantioselective catalysts for asymmetric organocatalysis.

The synthesis and application of a series of optically active 1,1'-spirobiindane-7,7'-diol (SPINOL)-based phosphoric acids are described. These SPINOL-based phosphoric acids were prepared from (R)-SPINOL in three steps and exhibited excellent enantioselectivities for the reactions of indoles with aldimines and ß,γ-unsaturated-α-ketoesters. Our study provides a family of promising chiral phosphoric acids to the asymmetric organocatalysis toolbox.