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INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Aortic aneurysm is an uncommon but life-threatening cause of hemoptysis. Treatments include surgery and/or endovascular intervention, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Endovascular intervention is associated with good early and medium-term outcomes. CASE PRESENTATIONS: We report three cases of hemoptysis due to ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm who underwent endovascular intervention. In all three cases, endovascular grafts were placed in the descending thoracic aorta, the number of grafts used was 1, the average time to stop hemoptysis was 4 to 5 days, and the length of hospital stay was between 6 and 8 days. No intravascular fistula, renal failure, prolonged mechanical ventilation and other major cardiovascular events were reported. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Endovascular treatment for descending TAA has been demonstrated to be safe and effective, particularly in emergencies in which patients presented with life-threatening hemoptysis, due to its rapid access to the aorta. In our experience at a tertiary hospital in southern Vietnam, the procedural time for a thoracic endovascular aortic repair is relatively brief and can last between 15 and 30 min. Thus, endovascular treatment for ruptured TAA can substantially improve patient prognosis, reduce mortality and complications. CONCLUSION: The implementation of endovascular intervention can help improve prognosis, reduce mortality and complications in patients with hemoptysis due to ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm.
RESUMO
The monitoring of air quality compliance requires the use of Federal Reference Methods (FRM)/Federal Equivalent Methods (FEM); nevertheless, the validity and reliability of low-cost sensors deserve attention due to their affordability and accessibility. This review examines the methodologies of previous studies to characterise the performance of low-cost air quality sensors and to identify the influential factors in sensor evaluation experiments. The data on four statistical measures (Correlation of Determination, r2; Root Mean Square Error, RMSE; Mean Normalised Bias, MNB; and Coefficient of Variation, CV) and details about five methodological factors in experimental design (environmental setting, reference instrument, regression model, pollutant attribute, and sensor original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specification) were extracted from a total of 112 primary articles for a detailed analysis. The results of the analysis suggested that low-cost air quality sensors exhibited improved r2 and RMSE in the experiments with stable environmental settings, in the comparison against non-designated reference instruments, or in the analysis where advanced regression models were used to adjust the sensor readings. However, the pollutant attribute and sensor OEM specification had inconclusive effects on r2 and RMSE due to contradictory results and lack of sufficient data. MNB and CV, two measures that US EPA recommends to determine the suitable application tier of air quality sensors, varied significantly among published experiments due to the discrepancy in experimental design. The outcomes of this work could provide direction to researchers regarding sensor evaluation experiments and guide practitioners to effectively select and deploy low-cost sensors for air quality monitoring.
