Long-term data show alarming decline of majority of fish species in a Lower Mekong basin fishery.

Overexploitation, habitat fragmentation, and flow alteration are major threats to freshwater biodiversity that can lead to fisheries collapse and species extinction. These threats are particularly alarming in poorly monitored ecosystems where resource use supports the livelihoods of numerous people. The Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia is such an ecosystem, supporting one of the world's largest freshwater fisheries. Tonle Sap Lake fishes are the focus of indiscriminate harvest affecting species stocks, community composition and food-web structure. Changes in the magnitude and timing of the seasonal flood pulse have also been linked to declines in fish stocks. Yet, changes in fish abundance and species-specific temporal trends remain poorly documented. Analyzing 17 years' time series of fish catch data for 110 species, we show that fish populations have declined by 87.7 %, owing to a statistically significant decline for >74 % species, particularly the largest ones. Despite large variations in species-specific trends - going from locally extinct to >1000 % increase - declines were found across most migratory behaviors, trophic positions or IUCN threat categories, though uncertainty regarding the magnitude of effect precluded us drawing conclusions in some cases. These results, reminiscent of alarming declines in fish stocks in many marine fisheries, provide unequivocal evidence that Tonle Sap fish stocks are increasingly depleted. The consequences of this depletion on ecosystem function are unknown but will undoubtedly affect the livelihoods of millions of people, stressing the need to set-up management strategies aimed to protect both the fishery and its associated diversity. Flow alteration, habitat degradation / fragmentation - especially deforestation of seasonally inundated areas and overharvest - have been reported as major drivers in population dynamics and community structure, highlighting the need for management efforts aimed at preserving the natural flood pulse, protecting flooded forest habitats, and reducing overfishing.

Fish biodiversity declines with dam development in the Lower Mekong Basin.

Hydropower dams are a source of renewable energy, but dam development and hydropower generation negatively affect freshwater ecosystems, biodiversity, and food security. We assess the effects of hydropower dam development on spatial-temporal changes in fish biodiversity from 2007 to 2014 in the Sekong, Sesan, and Srepok Basins-major tributaries to the Mekong River. By analyzing a 7-year fish monitoring dataset, and regressing fish abundance and biodiversity trends against cumulative number of upstream dams, we found that hydropower dams reduced fish biodiversity, including migratory, IUCN threatened and indicator species in the Sesan and Srepok Basins where most dams have been constructed. Meanwhile, fish biodiversity increased in the Sekong, the basin with the fewest dams. Fish fauna in the Sesan and Srepok Basins decreased from 60 and 29 species in 2007 to 42 and 25 species in 2014, respectively; while they increased from 33 in 2007 to 56 species in 2014 in the Sekong Basin. This is one of the first empirical studies to show reduced diversity following dam construction and fragmentation, and increased diversity in less regulated rivers in the Mekong River. Our results underscore the importance of the Sekong Basin to fish biodiversity and highlight the likely significance of all remaining free-flowing sections of the Lower Mekong Basin, including the Sekong, Cambodian Mekong, and Tonle Sap Rivers to migratory and threatened fish species. To preserve biodiversity, developing alternative renewable sources of energy or re-operating existing dams to increase power generation are recommended over constructing new hydropower dams.

Phylogeny and biogeography of Indochinese freshwater mussels in the genus Pilsbryoconcha Simpson, 1900 (Bivalvia: Unionidae) with descriptions of four new species.

The body of knowledge regarding the classification and evolution of freshwater mussels in the family Unionidae (Bivalvia) in Indochina has recently increased. However, the taxonomic revision of all extant taxa in the region is still ongoing. In this study, the genus Pilsbryoconcha was revised based on an integrative analysis of shell morphology, biogeography, and molecular data. Multi-locus phylogeny indicated the availability of eight species within the genus. Four previously recognized species are P. exilis (Lea, 1838), P. schomburgki (Martens, 1860) stat. rev., P. linguaeformis (Morelet, 1875), and P. carinifera (Conrad, 1837), while four other species are described herein as P. acuta sp. nov., P. mekongiana sp. nov., P. kittitati sp. nov., and P. hoikaab sp. nov. In addition, the neotype of P. carinifera is also designated to clarify its long taxonomic ambiguity. Divergent time estimation and historical biogeography analysis revealed that Pilsbryoconcha originated in the area now called the Khorat Plateau around the middle of the Eocene (mean age = 43.12 Mya), before its range was expanded across Indochina through a series of complex geomorphological changes of river systems, which also led to diversification of the genus.

Evidence of cryptic diversity in freshwater Macrobrachium prawns from Indochinese riverine systems revealed by DNA barcode, species delimitation and phylogenetic approaches.

The diversity of Indochinese prawns in genus Macrobrachium is enormous due to the habitat diversification and broad tributary networks of two river basins: the Chao Phraya and the Mekong. Despite long-standing interest in SE-Asian decapod diversity, the subregional Macrobrachium fauna is still not yet comprehensively clarified in terms of taxonomic identification or genetic diversification. In this study, integrative taxonomic approaches including morphological examination, DNA barcoding, and molecular species delimitation were used to emphasize the broad scale systematics of Macrobrachium prawns in Indochina. Twenty-seven nominal species were successfully re-verified by traditional and molecular taxonomy. Barcode gap analysis supported broad overlapping of species boundaries. Taxonomic ambiguity of several deposited samples in the public database is related to inter- and intraspecific genetic divergence as indicated by BOLD discordance. Diagnostic nucleotide positions were found in six Macrobrachium species. Eighteen additional putative lineages are herein assigned using the consensus of species delimitation methods. Genetic divergence indicates the possible existence of cryptic species in four morphologically complex and wide-ranging species: M. lanchesteri, M. niphanae, M. sintangense, and some members of the M. pilimanus group. The geographical distribution of some species supports the connections and barriers attributed to paleo-historical events of SE-Asian rivers and land masses. Results of this study show explicitly the importance of freshwater ecosystems in Indochinese subregions, especially for the Mekong River Basin due to its high genetic diversity and species composition found throughout its tributaries.

A new micropolydesmoid millipede of the genus Eutrichodesmus Silvestri, 1910 from Cambodia, with a key to species in mainland Southeast Asia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Haplodesmidae).

The micropolydesmoid millipede family Haplodesmidae is here recorded from Cambodia for the first time through the discovery of the first, new species of the genus Eutrichodesmus Silvestri, 1910: E. cambodiensis sp. nov. This new species is described from two limestone habitats in Kampot Province, based on abundant material. It is easily distinguished from all related congeners by the following combination of characters: body greyish-brown; limbus roundly lobulate; solenomere partially divided from acropodite by a digitiform lobe, but without hairpad. Brief remarks on the previously-proposed "pecularis-group" are provided and a second group, the "demangei-group", is established and discussed on the basis of morphological evidence, updating the number of recognised species groups of Eutrichodesmus to two. Detailed morphological illustrations, photographs and a distribution map, as well as remarks on its habitat and mating behaviour of the new species are presented. Furthermore, the current distributions of all 55 presently-known species of Eutrichodesmus are provided and a key to all 23 species that occur in mainland Southeast Asia is given.

Annotated checklist of freshwater molluscs from the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia.

The Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia is a crucial freshwater biodiversity hotspot and supports one of the world's largest inland fisheries. Within the Tonle Sap basin, freshwater molluscs provide vital ecosystem services and are among the fauna targetted for commercial harvesting. Despite their importance, freshwater molluscs of the Tonle Sap basin remain poorly studied. The historical literature was reviewed and at least 153 species of freshwater molluscs have been previously recorded from throughout Cambodia, including 33 from the Tonle Sap basin. Surveys of the Tonle Sap Lake and surrounding watershed were also conducted and found 31 species, 15 bivalves (five families) and 16 gastropods (eight families), in the Tonle Sap basin, including three new records for Cambodia (Scaphula minuta, Novaculina siamensis, Wattebledia siamensis), the presence of globally invasive Pomacea maculata and potential pest species like Limnoperna fortunei. This study represents the most comprehensive documentation of freshwater molluscs of the Tonle Sap basin, and voucher specimens deposited at the Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Cambodia, represent the first known reference collection of freshwater molluscs in the country. In order to combat the combined anthropogenic pressures, including invasive species, climate change and dams along the Mekong River, a multi-pronged approach is urgently required to study the biodiversity, ecology, ecosystem functioning of freshwater molluscs and other aquatic fauna in the Tonle Sap basin.

Annotated checklist of the land snail fauna from southern Cambodia (Mollusca, Gastropoda).

Prior to this study, few collections and records were made of the land snails in Cambodia and the historical taxa had never been reviewed. Herein a report on the land snail diversity based on specimens collected recently from karstic and non-karstic areas in southern Cambodia is provided. This checklist presents 36 species of land snails (two Neritimorpha, six Caenogastropoda, and 28 Heterobranchia). Illustrations and brief taxonomic notes/remarks are provided for every species. We also described Georrisa carinata Sutcharit & Jirapatrasilp, sp. nov. based on some distinct shell morphological characters. Since the first descriptions during the colonial period in the nineteenth century, some land snail species (e.g., Trichochloritis norodomiana, Durgella russeola, Anceyoconcha siamensis obesula comb. nov., Anceyoconcha chaudoensis comb. nov., and Succinea tenuis) have not been reported subsequently. This probably reflects a lack of knowledge concerning land snail biodiversity in this country. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive survey of land snails in southern Cambodia. A need for more field research and systematic revision of the land snails in this interesting region is also highlighted and demonstrated.

Two new species of the millipede genus Plusioglyphiulus Silvestri, 1923 from Cambodia (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida).

Two new species of Plusioglyphiulus are described from southern Cambodia. Plusioglyphiulus biserratus sp. nov. is clearly distinguished from all congeners by the shape of the telopodites of the posterior gonopods which are distinctly serrate laterally and by the anterior gonopods showing only a pair of single, smooth and curved coxosternal processes. Plusioglyphiulus khmer sp. nov. is distinguished by having most crests on the collum being complete and male legs 1 showing long, prominent, one-segmented telopodites, coupled with the oblong-subtrapeziform, membranous, posterior gonopods with a small bifid process at about a third of the telopodite length. Notes on the variation of Plusioglyphiulus boutini Mauriès, 1970 are also given, including a colour photograph of fresh, live material. A key to all four species of Plusioglyphiulus currently known to occur in Cambodia is also presented.

Response to Comment on "Designing river flows to improve food security futures in the Lower Mekong Basin".

Williams et al claim that the data used in Sabo et al were improperly scaled to account for fishing effort, thereby invalidating the analysis. Here, we reanalyze the data rescaled per Williams et al and following the methods in Sabo et al Our original conclusions are robust to rescaling, thereby invalidating the assertion that our original analysis is invalid.

Response to Comments on "Designing river flows to improve food security futures in the Lower Mekong Basin".

Sabo et al presented an empirically derived algorithm defining the socioecological response of the Tonle Sap Dai fishery in the Cambodian Mekong to basin-scale variation in hydrologic flow regime. Williams suggests that the analysis leading to the algorithm is flawed because of the large distance between the gauge used to measure water levels (hydrology) and the site of harvest for the fishery. Halls and Moyle argue that Sabo et al's findings are well known and contend that the algorithm is not a comprehensive assessment of sustainability. We argue that Williams' critique stems from a misunderstanding about our analysis; further clarification of the analysis is provided. We regret not citing more of the work indicated by Halls and Moyle, yet we note that our empirical analysis provides additional new insights into Mekong flow-fishery relationships.

Evidence of indiscriminate fishing effects in one of the world's largest inland fisheries.

While human impacts like fishing have altered marine food web composition and body size, the status of the world's important tropical inland fisheries remains largely unknown. Here, we look for signatures of human impacts on the indiscriminately fished Tonle Sap fish community that supports one of the world's largest freshwater fisheries. By analyzing a 15-year time-series (2000-2015) of fish catches for 116 species obtained from an industrial-scale 'Dai' fishery, we find: (i) 78% of the species exhibited decreasing catches through time; (ii) downward trends in catches occurred primarily in medium to large-bodied species that tend to occupy high trophic levels; (iii) a relatively stable or increasing trend in catches of small-sized species, and; (iv) a decrease in the individual fish weights and lengths for several common species. Because total biomass of the catch has remained remarkably resilient over the last 15 years, the increase in catch of smaller species has compensated for declines in larger species. Our finding of sustained production but altered community composition is consistent with predictions from recent indiscriminate theory, and gives a warning signal to fisheries managers and conservationists that the species-rich Tonle Sap is being affected by heavy indiscriminate fishing pressure.

Designing river flows to improve food security futures in the Lower Mekong Basin.

Rivers provide unrivaled opportunity for clean energy via hydropower, but little is known about the potential impact of dam-building on the food security these rivers provide. In tropical rivers, rainfall drives a periodic flood pulse fueling fish production and delivering nutrition to more than 150 million people worldwide. Hydropower will modulate this flood pulse, thereby threatening food security. We identified variance components of the Mekong River flood pulse that predict yield in one of the largest freshwater fisheries in the world. We used these variance components to design an algorithm for a managed hydrograph to explore future yields. This algorithm mimics attributes of discharge variance that drive fishery yield: prolonged low flows followed by a short flood pulse. Designed flows increased yield by a factor of 3.7 relative to historical hydrology. Managing desired components of discharge variance will lead to greater efficiency in the Lower Mekong Basin food system.