Relative power and interpersonal trust.

Because trust is essential in the development and maintenance of well-functioning relationships, scholars across numerous scientific disciplines have sought to determine what causes people to trust others. Power dynamics are known to predict trust, but research on the relationship between power and trust is inconclusive, with mixed results and without systematic consideration of how the relative power distribution within dyadic relationships may influence trust in those relationships. Building on interdependence theory, we propose that both individuals in an unequal-power dyad trust each other less than individuals in an equal-power dyad because unequal-power dyads heighten the perception of a conflict of interest. We demonstrate the effect of relative power on interpersonal trust across eight main studies and 16 supplemental studies (including 12 preregistered studies; total N = 10,531), and we test the mechanism with measurement-of-mediation and moderation-of-process approaches. We confirm that the effect of power on interpersonal trust occurs only with relative power (an interpersonal manifestation of power), not with felt power (an intrapersonal manifestation). Finally, we show that the effect of relative power on interpersonal trust via conflict of interest is attenuated in the presence of intergroup competition, a theoretically motivated moderator with practical implications. Overall, the present research clarifies the relationship between relative power and interpersonal trust, suggests that high- and low-power individuals may share similar psychological experiences within the context of unequal-power relationships, and highlights the importance of considering the context in which power dynamics occur. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Assessment and source quantification of heavy metal(loid)s in surface water using multivariate analyses from the Saigon River, Vietnam.

The metal concentration in surface water of a river could be affected by season, position, and oceanic process such as tide. The current study aimed to (1) examine the heavy metal(loid) concentration in surface water from the Saigon River as affected by the combination of season, tide, and position and (2) apportion and quantify pollution sources. Ninety-six surface water samples were collected from 13 sites on the River in four campaigns (rainy season + ebb tide, rainy season + flood tide, dry season + ebb tide, and dry season + flood tide). Eight heavy metal(loid)s (Al, B, Bi, Fe, Mn, Pb, Sr, and Zn) were measured and subjected to multivariate analyses. Three-way ANOVA showed that in the rainy season, the total concentration of the metal(loid)s (TCM) in two tides was not clearly different from each other while in the dry season the TCM was significantly higher during the ebb tide than during the flood tide. Principal component analysis/factor analysis and Pearson correlation matrix showed that the TCM could be derived from three main sources, grouped into anthropogenic activities such as industrial, agricultural, and domestic wastes from inside Ho Chi Minh city, and natural origins from lowland area and acid sulfate soil. Three pollution sources explained 70% and 68% of the total variance of TCM in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. In brief, the metal(loid) concentration was significantly affected by the season and tide and the pollution sources could be derived from inside Ho Chi Minh City and from lowland areas beyond the river estuary.

Seasonal, spatial variation, and pollution sources of heavy metals in the sediment of the Saigon River, Vietnam.

The current study was conducted to (1) examine seasonal and spatial distribution of heavy metals and metalloid in sediment from the Saigon River and (2) apportion and quantify their pollution sources. Ninety-six sediment samples were taken in the rainy and dry season on 13 sampling sites, distributed over the lower reaches of the River, to analyze for exchangeable concentration of 11 heavy metals and metalloid (Al, B, Cd, Co, Fe, In, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn), pH, EC, organic carbon content, and particle-size distribution. Generally, the concentration of 11 elements was ranked in the order Mn > Al > Fe > Zn > Sr > In > B > Ni > Co > Pb > Cd. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 13 sampling sites into two parts based on the similar concentration of the 11 elements. Three-way analysis of variance showed that the total exchangeable concentration of 11 elements was significantly higher in the rainy season than in the dry season and in the upper part than in the lower part of the river. Principal component analysis/factor analysis and correlation analysis revealed that three pollution sources (PS) may contribute to enriching the 11 examined elements in the sediment. These sources included (PS1) from catchment through water erosion over natural areas, explaining 83%, (PS2) mixed sources from catchment through water erosion over agricultural fields and inside Ho Chi Minh City, accounting for 6%, and (PS3) mixed sources from lowland areas, explaining 7.8% of the total variance of the elements. In brief, the sediment concentration of 11 metals and metalloid varied with season and space and three major pollution sources from river catchment, inside Ho Chi Minh City, and lowland contributively enriched the elements in the sediment of the River.