A Review of Classification, Diagnosis, and Management of Hydrocele.

This article summarizes and updates a number of issues related to hydrocele including anatomy, embryology, classification, etiology, clinical manifestations, imaging findings, and management. Hydrocele is an abnormal collection of serous fluid between the parietal and visceral layers arising from the mesothelial lining of the tunica vaginalis that surrounds the testis and spermatic cord directly. Hydroceles result from an imbalance of secretion and reabsorption of fluid from the tunica vaginalis. Hydroceles can be divided into two types as primary and secondary. The diagnosis should be based on medical history, clinical manifestations, and imaging studies. Understanding the causes and types of hydroceles is useful for accurately diagnosing and treatment strategy. Hydroceles can be managed by conservative treatment, fluid aspiration, or hydrocelectomy.

Traumatic rupture of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation mimicking traumatic pulmonary pseudocyst: a case report.

Thoracic trauma is commonly encountered in daily clinical practice; however, blunt thoracic trauma in patients with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is rare. CCAM rupture denotes a broad spectrum of manifestations on imaging and may be misdiagnosed as many other conditions. Consequently, this leads to inaccurate treatment and poor patient outcomes. We report the case of a girl with the initial diagnosis of a cavitary lung lesion that was likely a traumatic pulmonary pseudocyst or CCAM. The patient received medical therapy for 20 days; however, her condition did not improve. Subsequently, she underwent right lower lobectomy. Ruptured CCAM was confirmed during surgery and with histopathology. No complications occurred postoperatively, and the patient made a good recovery.

Pituitary Apoplexy and Subdural Hematoma after Caesarean Section.

Pituitary apoplexy can occur postpartum, and subdural hematoma following epidural anesthesia is a rare complication. Cooccurrence of these two complications is extremely rare and has not been previously reported in the literature. In this article, we present a case of pituitary apoplexy along with intracranial subdural hematoma happening two days after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. The patient presented with peripheral facial nerve paralysis accompanied by headache, eye pain, and blurred vision and was diagnosed by imaging modalities. The patient made a good recovery with conservative treatment without serious health events.

Pelvic schwannoma in an adult male.

Schwannomas are benign nerve sheath tumors that are generally encapsulated and commonly detected in the head, neck, and mediastinal regions. Schwannomas localizing in the pelvis are extremely rare and tend to be asymptomatic initially due to slow growth rate. Schwannomas may be misdiagnosed as urologic or gynecologic tumors. Pelvic schwannomas are typically solitary, large, and well-circumscribed masses in the retroperitoneum or presacral areas. Other imaging characteristics are cystic degeneration, repeated hemorrhages, and calcifications. Calcification patterns can be punctate, speckled, curvilinear, or along the walls of the masses. We report a young man with a pelvic schwannoma with typical imaging features.

Traumatic Kidney in a Patient With Unilateral Renal Cystic Disease.

Renal trauma occurring in patients with unilateral renal cystic disease (URCD) is extremely rare. Unilateral renal cystic disease is benign, nonprogressive, nonfamilial, nonencapsulated, and unrelated to cysts in other organs. It should be differentiated from autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) parenthesis, multicystic dysplastic kidney disease, multiple renal simple cysts, and cystic renal neoplasms. We report a case of a 15-year-old male with URCD admitted to the hospital sustaining blunt trauma to his right flank after a motor vehicle crash. Final diagnosis in this case was renal injury in a URCD patient. The patient was treated conservatively and subsequently discharged. Unilateral renal cystic disease can be diagnosed and followed by a combination of imaging methods and functional studies. The management of URCD is conservative. Although the disease is stable, nephrectomy may occasionally be indicated when there is a strong suspicion for malignancy.

Rasmussen's encephalitis with persistent epilepsy in a young man.

Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE) is an uncommon cause of the seizure. Important key findings of RE include intractable seizure activity in children, progressive atrophy of the involved hemisphere, and small hemisphere with the large ventricle.

Balo's Concentric Sclerosis Mimicking Tumor on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Young Patient.

Balo's concentric sclerosis (BCS) is a rare demyelinating disease known as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesion type III. It is a disease of the white matter of the brain characterized by a round lesion with variable concentric myelinated and demyelinated layers, appearing as "onion bulb." We present a case of BCS and discuss the imaging findings and management strategies of this disease. A 26-y-old male developed headache, weakness, and numbness of limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed concentric lamellar like demyelinating lesions at the subcortical regions. The patient's neurological symptoms were consistent with the MRI findings.

Diffuse Gallbladder Adenomyomatosis with an Inflammatory Complication in an Adult.

Gallbladder adenomyomatosis (GA) is a benign alteration of the gallbladder wall. There are three types involved: segmental, fundal, and diffuse pattern; the last type is very rare. Ultrasound is the imaging method of choice for diagnosing that shows Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses with cholesterol deposition creating comet-tail artifacts. Asymptomatic GA does not require surgery in case there are no malignant lesions defined by imaging diagnosis. We present the rare case of a 51-year-old man who was admitted to hospital due to abdominal pain concomitant with inflammatory syndrome. Imaging and histological findings were appropriate to diagnose diffuse GA and complication of cholecystitis.

A Rare Case of Diffuse Subependymal Periventricular Metastases from Small Cell Lung Carcinoma.

Small cell lung cancer, whose essence is neuroendocrine tumors, makes up proximately 14-20% of all lung cancer circumstances. Compared to non-small cell lung cancer, its clinical manifestation seems more positive and has a tendency to disseminate earlier in the process of its natural past. About 10% of patients present with brain metastases at the time of provisional diagnosis and sometimes all along the course of their disease, there will be 40-50% of developed brain metastases in addition. Although metastases in the brain parenchyma are often found in patients with advanced lung cancer, periventricular metastases are rare. We report one case of diffuse subependymal periventricular metastases from small cell carcinoma of the lung.

A Case of Arteriovenous Fistula After Kidney Trauma Mimicking Tumor.

Renal arteriovenous fistulas are rare complications of kidney injury that are usually caused by penetrating or blunt abdominal trauma, percutaneous or open biopsy, or surgery. We report a case of renal arteriovenous fistula after blunt abdominal trauma of a male patient who had traffic accidents. Computed tomography images show arteriovenous fistula lesion mimicking the tumor of the renal pelvis. Through this case, we present how to identify and avoid being confused in diagnosis as well as introduce its clinical manifestations, imaging, and treatment.