Public perception and community-level impact of national action plans on antimicrobial resistance in Vietnam.

Objectives: Vietnam was the first country from the WHO Western Pacific Region to adopt a national action plan (NAP) on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in 2013. The multilayered nature of AMR requires coordination across 'One Health' sectors, dedicated financing, multistakeholder involvement, and widespread community engagement to implement the action plans. This study explores the perceived impact of NAP implementation at the community level. Methods: Key informant interviews (KIIs) were used for data collection during 2021. An interview tool was used for the KIIs and purposive sampling was used to identify study participants from Vietnam. The study participants were those engaged with a substantial scale of antimicrobial usage, diagnosis of infections or concerned with antimicrobial content in effluents in their professional life. Twelve KIIs were conducted with participants from human health, animal health and the environmental sector. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel, and manifest and latent content analysis was done. Results: The analysis highlighted themes such as limited public awareness of AMR, ongoing capacity building and quality assurance initiatives, implementation of guidelines and regulations for AMR containment, sustained investment in improving infrastructure, and challenges relating to accountability whilst prescribing and selling antibiotics. Conclusions: There were many positive critical developments during the NAP implementation period in Vietnam towards AMR mitigation. For better impact, there is a need to revitalize the implementation machinery of NAPs by improving the enforcement capacity of regulations, cross-sectoral collaboration and promoting community ownership.

Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Severe Neurological Sequelae due to Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: First Case Report.

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is caused by altered patient immune reactions. This study reports the first patient with severe neurologic sequelae after NMDA receptor encephalitis treated with allogeneic umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (UC-MSCs). A 5-year-old girl was diagnosed with NMDA receptor encephalitis and treated with immunosuppressive medicaments and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Despite intensive therapy, the patient's condition worsened so that allogenic UC-MSC therapy was contemplated. The patient received three intrathecal infusions of xeno- and serum-free cultured UC-MSCs at a dose of 106 cells/kg. At baseline and after each UC-MSC administration, the patient was examined by the German Coma Recovery Scale (CRS), the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88), the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), the Modified Ashworth Scale, and the Denver II test. Before cell therapy, she was in a permanent vegetative state with diffuse cerebral atrophy. Her cognition and motor functions improved progressively after three UC-MSC infusions. At the last visit, she was capable of walking, writing, and counting numbers. Control of urinary and bowel functions was completely recovered. Cerebral atrophy was reduced on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Overall, the outcomes of this patient suggest a potential cell therapy for autoimmune encephalitis and its neurological consequences.

Preimplantation Genetic Testing of Aneuploidy by Next Generation Sequencing: Association of Maternal Age and Chromosomal Abnormalities of Blastocyst.

BACKGROUND: Aneuploidy is a major cause of miscarriages and implantation failure. Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is able to detect of the numeral and structural chromosomal abnormalities of embryos in vitro fertilization (IVF). AIM: This study was aimed to assess the relationship between maternal age and chromosomal abnormalities NGS technology. METHODS: A group of 603 human trophectoderm (TE) biopsied samples were tested by Veriseq kit of Illumina. The relation of marternal age and chromosomal abnormality of blastocyst embryo was evaluated. RESULTS: Among the 603 TE samples, 247 samples (42.73%) presented as chromosomal abnormalities. The abnormalities occurred to almost chromosomes, and the most popular aneuploidy observed is 22. Aneuploidy rate from 0.87% in chromosome 11 to 6.06% in chromosome 22. The rate of abnormal chromosome increased dramatically in group of mother's ages over 37 (54.17%) comparing to group of mother's ages less than 37 (38.05%) (p < 0.000). The Abnormal chromosome and maternal age has a positive correlation with r = 0.4783 (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: These results showed high rate abnormal chromosome and correlated with advanced maternal age of blastocyst embryos.

Mung bean lipoxygenase in the production of a C6-aldehyde. Natural green-note flavor generation via biotransformation.

Mung bean was investigated as a novel source of lipoxygenase in the natural production of the green-note aroma compound hexanal. Lipoxygenase extracted from mung bean catalyzed the oxidative reaction of linoleic acid, after which the intermediate hydroperoxide compound was split via green bell pepper hydroperoxide lyase to produce hexanal. In comparison to soybean lipoxygenase, mung bean lipoxygenase was found to be a good substitute as it produced 15.4 mM (76% yield) hexanal while soybean gave 60% yield. The mung bean pH profile comprised a wide peak (optimum pH 6.5) representing lipoxygenase-2 and lipoxygenase-3 isozymes, whereas two narrower peaks representing lipoxygenase-1 and lipoxygenase-2/3 isozymes were observed for soybean (optimum pH 10). Extraction at pH 4.5 was preferred, at which specific lipoxygenase activity was also the highest.