Maintenance asthma treatment with fluticasone/salmeterol combination via Diskus: effect on outcomes in inner-city children enrolled in TennCare.

Although current national guidelines suggest combination inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting inhaled beta2-agonist as the preferred treatment in moderate and severe persistent asthma for children, trials aimed at reducing emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations in minority inner-city children have not been conducted with the combination product of fluticasone/salmeterol via Diskus (Advair). This study assessed the effect of fluticasone/salmeterol combination via Diskus therapy on hospitalizations and ED visits in children with asthma. We conducted a prospective 1-year study with an intervention group compared with a usual care control group. This study took place at an inner-city university-affiliated children's medical center allergy clinic. Inner-city patients with asthma aged 4-17 years with a history of frequent ED visits and hospitalizations for the 2 previous years were enrolled beginning in July 2001. A control group of inner-city asthmatic patients was identified via hospital medical records. Patients were prescribed fluticasone/salmeterol combination via Diskus (n = 39) for 1 year and were compared with a usual care control group (n = 39). Although the investigators did not intervene in the control patients, review of their records revealed that all control patients had inhaled corticosteroids prescribed during the intervention period. Outcome measures included ED visits and hospitalizations for 1 year after enrollment versus the mean for acute care visits for 2 years before enrollment in the study. The intervention group had a 20% reduction in ED visits, which was significant compared with the control group (p = 0.017); both groups had significant reductions in hospitalizations. The risk of experiencing an asthma exacerbation (ED visit or hospitalization) was reduced by 33% in the intervention group compared with the control group (risk ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.49-0.90; p = 0.005). Our results suggest that fluticasone/salmeterol combination via Diskus is associated with a reduction in risk of acute exacerbations of asthma in inner-city children, including ED visits and hospitalizations.

Cow's milk allergy in a patient with hyper-IgE syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Both hyper-IgE syndrome and food allergies can result in the early onset of skin rash, eosinophilia, and markedly elevated serum IgE. Occasionally, it can be difficult to distinguish the 2 disorders. Most patients with hyper-IgE syndrome do not have food allergy. OBJECTIVE: To describe a child with cow's milk allergy associated with hyper-IgE syndrome manifesting as failure to thrive (FTT). METHODS: Epicutaneous skin prick test to cow's milk, CAP radioallergosorbent test, atopy patch tests, and double-blind, placebo-controlled milk challenge (DBPCMC) were performed. RESULTS: During initial presentation at 3 weeks of age, the circulating eosinophil count increased from 13,800/mm3 to 44,254/mm3 within 2 weeks while taking cephalexin. Despite treatment, he had worsening rash and FTT at 10 weeks of age with an IgE level of 8,454 U/mL. After changing from an infant milk formula with whey protein to an amino acid-based formula in combination with oral antibiotic treatment, his rash and growth velocity improved markedly within 2 months. IgE decreased to 2,747 U/mL. He remained clinically well for 12 months. He subsequently developed additional food and inhalant allergies with an increase in IgE to 12,150 U/mL. Cow's milk allergy was confirmed by epicutaneous skin prick test, atopy patch test, and DBPCMC. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional prophylactic antistaphylococcal antibiotics, in combination with Neocate formula, were effective in treating the early skin manifestations of hyper-IgE syndrome and FTT in this infant. Cow's milk protein allergy should be considered in patients with hyper-IgE syndrome and FTT.

Reassessment of theophylline use for severe asthma exacerbation: is it justified in critically ill hospitalized patients?

In the 1990s, numerous double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials revealed that theophylline therapy offered no benefit to inhaled beta2 agonists and systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbations. Routine use of theophylline in patients hospitalized for asthma is no longer advocated due to the potential for serious adverse effects and lack of benefit. However, the question remains whether this drug adds any benefits in critically ill patients who are being admitted to an intensive care unit. Two recent pediatric studies suggest that theophylline therapy may have a role in the management of patients with impending respiratory failure who have failed aggressive treatment with inhaled beta2 agonists, systemic corticosteroids, and inhaled ipratropium. If a patient has failed to respond adequately to high-dose routine therapies, theophylline should be initiated by a clinician who is competent in dosing, monitoring serum concentrations, and assessing factors that modify clearance of this high-risk drug. Further clinical research is needed to verify the value of theophylline in adults and children with severe asthma exacerbations and impending respiratory failure.