Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials of p16-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: an individual patient data meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The increased incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers has motivated efforts to optimise treatment for these patients with excellent prognosis. Validation of surrogates for overall survival could expedite the investigation of new therapies. We sought to evaluate candidate intermediate clinical endpoints in trials assessing definitive treatment of p16-positive oropharyngeal cancer with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. METHODS: We did a retrospective review of five multicentre, randomised trials (NRG/RTOG 9003, 0129, 0234, 0522, and 1016) that tested radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in patients (aged ≥18 years) with p16-positive localised head or neck squamous-cell carcinomas. Eight intermediate clinical endpoints were considered as potential surrogates for overall survival: freedom from local progression, freedom from regional progression, freedom from distant metastasis, freedom from locoregional progression, freedom from any progression, locoregional progression-free survival, progression-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival. We used a two-stage meta-analytical framework, which requires high correlation between the intermediate clinical endpoint and overall survival at the patient level (condition 1), and high correlation between the treatment effect on the intermediate clinical endpoint and the treatment effect on overall survival (condition 2). For both, an r2 greater than 0·7 was used as criteria for clinically relevant surrogacy. FINDINGS: We analysed 1373 patients with oropharyngeal cancer from May 9, 2020, to Nov 22, 2023. 1231 (90%) of patients were men, 142 (10%) were women, and 1207 (88%) were White, with a median age of 57 years (IQR 51-62). Median follow-up was 4·2 years (3·1-5·1). For the first condition, correlating the intermediate clinical endpoints with overall survival at the individual and trial level, the three composite endpoints of locoregional progression-free survival (Kendall's τ 0·91 and r2 0·72), distant metastasis-free survival (Kendall's τ 0·93 and r2 0·83), and progression-free survival (Kendall's τ 0·88 and r2 0·70) were highly correlated with overall survival at the patient level and at the trial-group level. For the second condition, correlating treatment effects of the intermediate clinical endpoints and overall survival, the composite endpoints of locoregional progression-free survival (r2 0·88), distant metastasis-free survival (r2 0·96), and progression-free survival (r2 0·92) remained strong surrogates. Treatment effects on the remaining intermediate clinical endpoints were less strongly correlated with overall survival. INTERPRETATION: We identified locoregional progression-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and progression-free survival as surrogates for overall survival in p16-positive oropharyngeal cancers treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, which could serve as clinical trial endpoints. FUNDING: NRG Oncology Operations, NRG Oncology SDMC, the National Cancer Institute, Eli Lilly, Aventis, and the University of Michigan.

Gut microbiome predicts gastrointestinal toxicity outcomes from chemoradiation therapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Chemoradiation (CRT) in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is associated with significant toxicities, including mucositis. The gut microbiome represents an emerging hallmark of cancer and a potentially important biomarker for CRT-related adverse events. This prospective study investigated the association between the gut microbiome composition and CRT-related toxicities in patients with HNSCC, including mucositis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stool samples from patients diagnosed with locally advanced HNSCC were prospectively collected prior to CRT initiation and analyzed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing to evaluate gut microbiome composition at baseline. Concurrently, clinicopathologic data, survival outcomes and the incidence and grading of CRT-emergent adverse events were documented in all patients. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients were included, of whom 47 had baseline stool samples available for metagenomic analysis. Median age was 62, 83 % patients were men and 54 % had stage III-IV disease. All patients developed CRT-induced mucositis, including 42 % with severe events (i.e. CTCAE v5.0 grade ≥ 3) and 25 % who required enteral feeding. With a median follow-up of 26.5 months, patients with severe mucositis had shorter overall survival (HR = 3.3, 95 %CI 1.0-10.6; p = 0.02) and numerically shorter progression-free survival (HR = 2.8, 95 %CI, 0.8-9.6; p = 0.09). The gut microbiome beta-diversity of patients with severe mucositis differed from patients with grades 1-2 mucositis (p = 0.04), with enrichment in Mediterraneibacter (Ruminococcus gnavus) and Clostridiaceae family members, including Hungatella hathewayi. Grade 1-2 mucositis was associated with enrichment in Eubacterium rectale, Alistipes putredinis and Ruminococcaceae family members. Similar bacterial profiles were observed in patients who required enteral feeding. CONCLUSION: Patients who developed severe mucositis had decreased survival and enrichment in specific bacteria associated with mucosal inflammation. Interestingly, these same bacteria have been linked to immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance.

Predictors of prolonged treatment time intervals in oral cavity cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Delays in treatment time intervals have been associated with overall survival in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). The aim of this study was to identify bottlenecks leading to prolonged treatment intervals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted using a cohort of OCSCC patients who underwent surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy. The endpoints of interest were prolonged treatment intervals. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for patient and tumour characteristics. RESULTS: Median diagnosis-to-treatment interval (DTI) and surgery to initiation of postoperative radiation therapy interval (S-PORT) were 39 days (IQR 30-54) and 64 days (IQR 54-66), respectively. Prolonged DTI was associated with older age, worse Charlson Comorbidity index scores and worse T stages. Patients with prolonged DTI had longer times to preoperative imaging reports (25 vs 9 days; P < 0.01). Time to preoperative pathology did not differ. Prolonged S-PORT was associated with longer times to pathology report (28 vs 18 days; P < 0.01), to maxillofacial consult (38 vs 15 days; P < 0.01) and to maxillofacial approval of radiation (50 vs 28 days; P < 0.01). In patients requiring medical oncology consults, those with prolonged S-PORT had longer waiting times until consultation (58 vs 38 days; P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis showed independent predictors of prolonged DTI: time to preoperative imaging; and prolonged S-PORT: time to pathology report, time to maxillofacial consult, and time to medical oncology consult. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies targeting these organizational bottlenecks may be effective for shortening treatment time intervals, hence representing potential opportunities for improving oncological outcomes in OCSCC patients.

Long-Term Update of NRG/RTOG 0522: A Randomized Phase 3 Trial of Concurrent Radiation and Cisplatin With or Without Cetuximab in Locoregionally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer.

PURPOSE: The combination of cisplatin and radiation or cetuximab and radiation improves overall survival of patients with locoregionally advanced head and neck carcinoma. NRG Oncology conducted a phase 3 trial to test the hypothesis that adding cetuximab to radiation and cisplatin would improve progression-free survival (PFS). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eligible patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer sixth edition stage T2 N2a-3 M0 or T3-4 N0-3 M0 were accrued from November 2005 to March 2009 and randomized to receive radiation and cisplatin without (arm A) or with (arm B) cetuximab. Outcomes were correlated with patient and tumor features. Late reactions were scored using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3). RESULTS: Of 891 analyzed patients, 452 with a median follow-up of 10.1 years were alive at analysis. The addition of cetuximab did not improve PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89-1.26; P = .74), with 10-year estimates of 43.6% (95% CI, 38.8- 48.4) for arm A and 40.2% (95% CI, 35.4-45.0) for arm B. Cetuximab did not reduce locoregional failure (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.95-1.53; P = .94) or distant metastasis (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.54-1.14; P = .10) or improve overall survival (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.80-1.16; P = .36). Cetuximab did not appear to improve PFS in either p16-positive oropharynx (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.87-1.93) or p16-negative oropharynx or nonoropharyngeal primary (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.73-1.21). Grade 3 to 4 late toxicity rates were 57.4% in arm A and 61.3% in arm B (P = .26). CONCLUSIONS: With a median follow-up of more than 10 years, this updated report confirms the addition of cetuximab to radiation therapy and cisplatin did not improve any measured outcome in the entire cohort or when stratifying by p16 status.

Magnetic Resonance-Guided Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancers.

Despite the significant evolution of radiation therapy (RT) techniques in recent years, many patients with head and neck cancer still experience significant toxicities during and after treatments. The increased soft tissue contrast and functional sequences of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are particularly attractive in head and neck cancer and have led to the increasing development of magnetic resonance-guided RT (MRgRT). This approach refers to the inclusion of the additional information acquired from a diagnostic or planning MRI in radiation treatment planning, and now extends to online high-quality daily imaging generated by the recently developed MR-Linac. MRgRT holds numerous potentials, including enhanced baseline and planning evaluations, anatomical and functional treatment adaptation, potential for hypofractionation, and multiparametric assessment of response. This article offers a structured review of the current literature on these established and upcoming roles of MRI for patients with head and neck cancer undergoing RT.

Combining dense elements with attention mechanisms for 3D radiotherapy dose prediction on head and neck cancers.

PURPOSE: External radiation therapy planning is a highly complex and tedious process as it involves treating large target volumes, prescribing several levels of doses, as well as avoiding irradiating critical structures such as organs at risk close to the tumor target. This requires highly trained dosimetrists and physicists to generate a personalized plan and adapt it as treatment evolves, thus affecting the overall tumor control and patient outcomes. Our aim is to achieve accurate dose predictions for head and neck (H&N) cancer patients on a challenging in-house dataset that reflects realistic variability and to further compare and validate the method on a public dataset. METHODS: We propose a three-dimensional (3D) deep neural network that combines a hierarchically dense architecture with an attention U-net (HDA U-net). We investigate a domain knowledge objective, incorporating a weighted mean squared error (MSE) with a dose-volume histogram (DVH) loss function. The proposed HDA U-net using the MSE-DVH loss function is compared with two state-of-the-art U-net variants on two radiotherapy datasets of H&N cases. These include reference dose plans, computed tomography (CT) information, organs at risk (OARs), and planning target volume (PTV) delineations. All models were evaluated using coverage, homogeneity, and conformity metrics as well as mean dose error and DVH curves. RESULTS: Overall, the proposed architecture outperformed the comparative state-of-the-art methods, reaching 0.95 (0.98) on D95 coverage, 1.06 (1.07) on the maximum dose value, 0.10 (0.08) on homogeneity, 0.53 (0.79) on conformity index, and attaining the lowest mean dose error on PTVs of 1.7% (1.4%) for the in-house (public) dataset. The improvements are statistically significant ( p < 0.05 $p<0.05$ ) for the homogeneity and maximum dose value compared with the closest baseline. All models offer a near real-time prediction, measured between 0.43 and 0.88 s per volume. CONCLUSION: The proposed method achieved similar performance on both realistic in-house data and public data compared to the attention U-net with a DVH loss, and outperformed other methods such as HD U-net and HDA U-net with standard MSE losses. The use of the DVH objective for training showed consistent improvements to the baselines on most metrics, supporting its added benefit in H&N cancer cases. The quick prediction time of the proposed method allows for real-time applications, providing physicians a method to generate an objective end goal for the dosimetrist to use as reference for planning. This could considerably reduce the number of iterations between the two expert physicians thus reducing the overall treatment planning time.

Incidence of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws: a retrospective study of 620 patients with head and neck cancer.

This study aimed to assess systemic and local risk factors for the development of osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaws and its incidence in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy (RT). This was a retrospective cohort study of 620 adults following irradiation for head and neck cancer in 2011 or 2012. Among 181 patients who did not require any tooth extractions, the incidence of ORN was 0.5%. Among 266 patients with a total of 1491 tooth extractions (mean, 5.5 teeth per patient) performed before RT, the incidence of ORN was 3.7%. In all cases, ORN was observed in extraction sites located in the field of radiation. No extractions were performed during RT. Fifteen patients underwent extractions both before and after RT. Of the 53 tooth extractions performed after RT (20 patients; mean, 2.7 teeth per patient), 15 were in the field of radiation. No case of ORN was reported in that group. Among 168 edentulous patients, the incidence of ORN was 1.8%. Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the incidence of ORN can be minimized with a meticulous pre-RT dental examination, a comprehensive treatment plan, and diligent post-RT follow-up examinations conducted by an experienced multidisciplinary team.

Upfront DPYD Genotyping and Toxicity Associated with Fluoropyrimidine-Based Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Oropharyngeal Carcinomas: A Work in Progress.

Background: 5-FU-based chemoradiotherapy (CRT) could be associated with severe treatment-related toxicities in patients harboring at-risk DPYD polymorphisms. Methods: The studied population included consecutive patients with locoregionally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma treated with carboplatin and 5-FU-based CRT one year before and after the implementation of upfront DPYD*2A genotyping. We aimed to determine the effect of DPYD genotyping on grade ≥3 toxicities. Results: 181 patients were analyzed (87 patients before and 94 patients following DPYD*2A screening). Of the patients, 91% (n = 86) were prospectively genotyped for the DPYD*2A allele. Of those screened, 2% (n = 2/87) demonstrated a heterozygous DPYD*2A mutation. Extended genotyping of DPYD*2A-negative patients later allowed for the retrospective identification of six additional patients with alternative DPYD variants (two c.2846A>T and four c.1236G>A mutations). Grade ≥3 toxicities occurred in 71% of the patients before DPYD*2A screening versus 62% following upfront genotyping (p = 0.18). When retrospectively analyzing additional non-DPYD*2A variants, the relative risks for mucositis (RR 2.36 [1.39-2.13], p = 0.0063), dysphagia (RR 2.89 [1.20-5.11], p = 0.019), and aspiration pneumonia (RR 13 [2.42-61.5)], p = 0.00065) were all significantly increased. Conclusion: The DPYD*2A, c.2846A>T, and c.1236G>A polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of grade ≥3 toxicity to 5-FU. Upfront DPYD genotyping can identify patients in whom 5-FU-related toxicity should be avoided.

Cross-institutional outcome prediction for head and neck cancer patients using self-attention neural networks.

In radiation oncology, predicting patient risk stratification allows specialization of therapy intensification as well as selecting between systemic and regional treatments, all of which helps to improve patient outcome and quality of life. Deep learning offers an advantage over traditional radiomics for medical image processing by learning salient features from training data originating from multiple datasets. However, while their large capacity allows to combine high-level medical imaging data for outcome prediction, they lack generalization to be used across institutions. In this work, a pseudo-volumetric convolutional neural network with a deep preprocessor module and self-attention (PreSANet) is proposed for the prediction of distant metastasis, locoregional recurrence, and overall survival occurrence probabilities within the 10 year follow-up time frame for head and neck cancer patients with squamous cell carcinoma. The model is capable of processing multi-modal inputs of variable scan length, as well as integrating patient data in the prediction model. These proposed architectural features and additional modalities all serve to extract additional information from the available data when availability to additional samples is limited. This model was trained on the public Cancer Imaging Archive Head-Neck-PET-CT dataset consisting of 298 patients undergoing curative radio/chemo-radiotherapy and acquired from 4 different institutions. The model was further validated on an internal retrospective dataset with 371 patients acquired from one of the institutions in the training dataset. An extensive set of ablation experiments were performed to test the utility of the proposed model characteristics, achieving an AUROC of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for DM, LR and OS respectively on the public TCIA Head-Neck-PET-CT dataset. External validation was performed on a retrospective dataset with 371 patients, achieving [Formula: see text] AUROC in all outcomes. To test for model generalization across sites, a validation scheme consisting of single site-holdout and cross-validation combining both datasets was used. The mean accuracy across 4 institutions obtained was [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for DM, LR and OS respectively. The proposed model demonstrates an effective method for tumor outcome prediction for multi-site, multi-modal combining both volumetric data and structured patient clinical data.

Risk stratification after recurrence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related and non-HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer: Secondary analysis of NRG Oncology RTOG 0129 and 0522.

BACKGROUND: No risk-stratification strategies exist for patients with recurrent oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). METHODS: Retrospective analysis using data from prospective NRG Oncology clinical trials RTOG 0129 and 0522. Eligibility criteria included known p16 status and smoking history, and locoregional/distant recurrence. Overall survival (OS) was measured from date of recurrence. Recursive partitioning analysis was performed to produce mutually exclusive risk groups. RESULTS: Hundred and fifty-four patients were included with median follow-up after recurrence of 3.9 years (range 0.04-9.0). The most important factors influencing survival were p16 status and type of recurrence, followed by surgical salvage and smoking history (≤20 vs. >20 pack-years). Three significantly different risk groups were identified. Patients in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups had 2-year OS after recurrence of 81.1% (95%CI 68.5-93.7), 50.2% (95%CI 36.0-64.5), and 20.8% (95%CI 10.5-31.1), respectively. CONCLUSION: Patient and tumor characteristics may be used to stratify patients into risk groups at the time of OPC recurrence.

The impact of age on outcome in phase III NRG Oncology/RTOG trials of radiotherapy (XRT) +/- systemic therapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE: To examine the role age plays in the treatment and prognosis of locally advanced head and neck cancer (LAHNC) treated definitively with radiation alone or combined modality therapy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of three NRG/RTOG trials examining either radiation alone or combined radiation and systemic therapy for LAHNC. The effect of age (≥70 yrs.) on cause-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 2688 patients were analyzed, of whom 309 patients (11.5%) were ≥ 70. For all studies combined, the hazard ratio (HR) for CSS for patients age ≥ 70 vs. those <70 was 1.33 (95%CI: 1.14-1.55, p < 0.001). For OS, the HR for patients age ≥ 70 vs. those <70 for all studies combined was 1.55 (95% CI 1.35-1.77, p < 0.001). After adjustment for all covariates, age ≥ 70 was associated with worse OS regardless of adjustment for smoking and p16 status. The survival difference was more pronounced in those receiving combined radiation and systemic therapy. Hematologic and renal toxicities were increased in combined modality trials in patients ≥70 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Patients age ≥ 70 with LAHNC were underrepresented in these clinical trials. Their CSS and OS proved inferior to patients <70 years old.

Risk groups of laryngeal cancer treated with chemoradiation according to nomogram scores - A pooled analysis of RTOG 0129 and 0522.

OBJECTIVES: To develop nomograms predicting overall survival (OS), freedom from locoregional recurrence (FFLR), and freedom from distant metastasis (FFDM) for patients receiving chemoradiation for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical and treatment data for patients with LSCC enrolled on NRG Oncology/RTOG 0129 and 0522 were extracted from the RTOG database. The dataset was partitioned into 70% training and 30% independent validation datasets. Significant predictors of OS, FFLR, and FFDM were obtained using univariate analysis on the training dataset. Nomograms were built using multivariate analysis with four a priori variables (age, gender, T-stage, and N-stage) and significant predictors from the univariate analyses. These nomograms were internally and externally validated using c-statistics (c) on the training and validation datasets, respectively. RESULTS: The OS nomogram included age, gender, T stage, N stage, and number of cisplatin cycles. The FFLR nomogram included age, gender, T-stage, N-stage, and time-equivalent biologically effective dose. The FFDM nomogram included age, gender, N-stage, and number of cisplatin cycles. Internal validation of the OS nomogram, FFLR nomogram, and FFDM nomogram yielded c = 0.66, c = 0.66 and c = 0.73, respectively. External validation of these nomograms yielded c = 0.59, c = 0.70, and c = 0.73, respectively. Using nomogram score cutoffs, three risk groups were separated for each outcome. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed and validated easy-to-use nomograms for LSCC outcomes using prospective cooperative group trial data.

Phase II study of de-intensified intensity-modulated radiotherapy and concurrent carboplatin/5-fluorouracil in lateralized p16-associated oropharyngeal carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To assess cancer control and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after de-intensified intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in lateralized p16-associated oropharyngeal cancer (p16-OPC). METHODS: Lateralized p16-OPC treated with radiotherapy and concurrent Carboplatin/5-fluorouracil between 2011 and 2014 were enrolled. De-intensified IMRT consisted in elective neck dose of 43.2 Gy/24 fractions and omission of contralateral retropharyngeal/level IV nodes. PROs were assessed using the EORTC QLC-C30 and QLQ-HN35 scales. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were included. Median follow-up was 44 months. As per AJCC 7th Ed, 7%, 83% and 10% of patients had stage III, IVa and IVb. 5-year locoregional control and overall survival rates were 100% and 100%, respectively. Rates of acute were 52% and 35%, respectively. At 2 years post-treatment, 50% and 14% of patients had grade 1 xerostomia and dysgueusia, respectively. Most PROs scores returned to baseline within 8 months post-treatment. CONCLUSION: De-intensified IMRT was associated with excellent cancer outcomes, and rapid recovery of PROs in lateralized p16-OPC.

Dual Inhibition of Autophagy and PI3K/AKT/MTOR Pathway as a Therapeutic Strategy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Genomic analyses of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have highlighted alterations in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, presenting a therapeutic target for multiple ongoing clinical trials with PI3K or PI3K/MTOR inhibitors. However, these inhibitors can potentially increase autophagy in HNSCC and indirectly support cancer cell survival. Here, we sought to understand the relationship between the PI3K signaling pathway and autophagy during their dual inhibition in a panel of HNSCC cell lines. We used acridine orange staining, immunoblotting, and tandem sensor Red Fluorescent Protein- Green Fluorescent Protein-, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (RFP-GFP-LC3B) expression analysis to show that PI3K inhibitors increase autophagosomes in HNSCC cells, but that chloroquine treatment effectively inhibits the autophagy that is induced by PI3K inhibitors. Using the Bliss independence model, we determined that the combination of chloroquine with PI3K inhibitors works in synergy to decrease cancer cell proliferation, independent of the PIK3CA status of the cell line. Our results indicate that a strategy focusing on autophagy inhibition enhances the efficacy of therapeutics already in clinical trials. Our results suggest a broader application for this combination therapy that can be promptly translated to in vivo studies.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs6942067 Is a Risk Factor in Young and in Non-Smoking Patients with HPV Negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Genetic factors behind the increasing incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in young non-smokers are suspected, but have not been identified. Recently, rs6942067, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located upstream of the DCBLD1 gene, was found associated with non-smoking lung adenocarcinoma. To validate if this SNP is also implicated in HNSCC, participants of The Cancer Genome Atlas HNSCC cohort were investigated for rs6942067 status, associated DCBLD1 expression, and clinical characteristics. Occurrence of the rs6942067 GG genotype is significantly higher in young and in HPV negative non-smoking HNSCC than in other HNSCC. Additionally, rs6942067 GG is associated with higher DCBLD1 expression in HNSCC and patients with high DCBLD1 expression have a worse overall survival at three years, both in univariate and multivariate analysis. Furthermore, high DCBLD1 expression is associated with activation of the integrin signaling pathway and its phosphorylation with EGFR and MET. Collectively, these findings suggest that DCBLD1 plays a critical role in HNSCC and demonstrate an association between rs6942067 and clinical characteristics of young age and HPV negative non-smoking status in HNSCC patients.

Nomogram to Predict the Benefit of Intensive Treatment for Locoregionally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer.

PURPOSE: Previous studies indicate that the benefit of therapy depends on patients' risk for cancer recurrence relative to noncancer mortality (ω ratio). We sought to test the hypothesis that patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) with a higher ω ratio selectively benefit from intensive therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We analyzed 2,688 patients with stage III-IVB HNC undergoing primary radiotherapy (RT) with or without systemic therapy on three phase III trials (RTOG 9003, RTOG 0129, and RTOG 0522). We used generalized competing event regression to stratify patients according to ω ratio and compared the effectiveness of intensive therapy as a function of predicted ω ratio (i.e., ω score). Intensive therapy was defined as treatment on an experimental arm with altered fractionation and/or multiagent concurrent systemic therapy. A nomogram was developed to predict patients' ω score on the basis of tumor, demographic, and health factors. Analysis was by intention to treat. RESULTS: Decreasing age, improved performance status, higher body mass index, node-positive status, P16-negative status, and oral cavity primary predicted a higher ω ratio. Patients with ω score ≥0.80 were more likely to benefit from intensive treatment [5-year overall survival (OS), 70.0% vs. 56.6%; HR of 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57-0.94; P = 0.016] than those with ω score <0.80 (5-year OS, 46.7% vs. 45.3%; HR of 1.02, 95% CI: 0.92-1.14; P = 0.69; P = 0.019 for interaction). In contrast, the effectiveness of intensive therapy did not depend on risk of progression. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HNC with a higher ω score selectively benefit from intensive treatment. A nomogram was developed to help select patients for intensive therapy.

Cystic masses of the lateral neck: Diagnostic value comparison between fine-needle aspiration, core-needle biopsy, and frozen section.

BACKGROUND: The usefulness of fine-needle aspiration (FNA), core-needle biopsy (CNB), and frozen section (FS) for assessing lateral cystic neck masses (LCNM) remains unclear. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients presenting with a LCNM was undertaken. RESULTS: In total, 135 patients were included. FNA had a lower sensitivity then CNB (59% vs 83%; P = .036) and FS (59% vs 93%; P = .01). FS had a better negative predictive value (NPV) when compared to FNA (92% vs 40%; P < .001) and CNB (92% vs 50%; P = .062). Positive predictive values (PPV) and sensitivities were similar among all groups. CONCLUSION: Given its adequate PPV (92%), FNA should be used initially on LCNM. Because of its high sensitivity, CNB should be considered if FNA is not diagnostic of malignancy. FS should always follow a CNB indicative of malignancy, because of low NPV. A diagnosis of malignancy on FNA, CNB, or FS strongly indicates presence of malignancy.

Validation of NRG oncology/RTOG-0129 risk groups for HPV-positive and HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer: Implications for risk-based therapeutic intensity trials.

BACKGROUND: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)-0129 recursive partitioning analysis was the basis for risk-based therapeutic intensification trials for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). To the authors' knowledge, the question of whether RTOG-0129 overall survival (OS) estimates for low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk groups are similar in other data sets or applicable to progression-free survival (PFS) is unknown. Therefore, the authors evaluated whether survival differences between RTOG-0129 risk groups persist at 5 years, are reproducible in an independent clinical trial, and are applicable to PFS, and whether toxicities differ across risk groups. METHODS: Prospective randomized clinical trials were analyzed retrospectively. RTOG-0129 evaluated standard versus accelerated fractionation radiotherapy concurrent with cisplatin. RTOG-0522 compared the combination of cisplatin and accelerated fractionation with or without cetuximab. Patients with OPC with available p16 status and tobacco history were eligible. RESULTS: There was a total of 260 patients and 287 patients, respectively, from RTOG-0129 and RTOG-0522, with median follow-ups for surviving patients of 7.9 years (range, 1.7-9.9 years) and 4.7 years (range, 0.1-7.0 years), respectively. Previous OS differences in RTOG-0129 persisted at 5 years. In RTOG-0522, the 5-year OS rates for the low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk groups were 88.1%, 69.9%, and 45.1%, respectively (P for trend, <.001). The 5-year PFS rates for the same 3 groups were 72.9%, 56.1%, and 42.2%, respectively. In RTOG-0522 among a subgroup of patients considered to be at very good risk (p16-positive disease, smoking history of ≤10 pack-years, and classified with T1-T2 disease with ipsilateral lymph nodes measuring ≤6 cm or T3 disease without contralateral or >6 cm lymph nodes), the 5-year OS and PFS rates were 93.8% and 82.2%, respectively. Overall rates of acute and late toxicities were similar by risk group. CONCLUSIONS: RTOG-0129 risk groups persisted at 5 years and were reproducible in RTOG-0522. However, there was variability in the estimates. These data underscore the importance of long-term follow-up and appropriate patient selection in therapeutic deintensification trials.

Increased risk of oropharyngeal cancers mediated by oral human papillomavirus infection: Results from a Canadian study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to estimate the extent to which oral sex behavior is associated with an increased risk of oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs), and how much of the association is mediated by oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. METHODS: We used data from a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Montreal, Canada. Information on oral sex behaviors was collected. Oral rinse and oral brush specimens were analyzed for HPV positivity and genotyping. Logistic regression estimated the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between oral sex behaviors and OPC. RESULTS: Onset of oral sex practice at age 16 years or younger had an increased risk of OPCs relative to those with onset after age 30 years (OR = 2.98; 95% CI 1.37-6.47). This association decreased (OR = 1.09; 95% CI 0.25-4.71) when restricted to those positive for HPV. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the association between oral sex and OPC seems mediated by oral HPV infection.