Screening and management of HIV infection in pregnant women in Dakar.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility and results of the implementation of systematic HIV screening of pregnant women and antiretroviral (ARV) treatment for those found to be HIV-positive and their newborns at the IHS Gynecology-Obstetrics Department in Dakar, Senegal. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional prospective study took place in 2014-1016 and examined the results of screening pregnant women for HIV during their prenatal consultations and treating those found to be HIV-positive and their infants with ARV. RESULTS: HIV screening was routinely proposed to the 1616 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, and 93.9 % accepted. The test was positive for 5 of these women, for an HIV prevalence of 0.3 % of pregnant women. In addition, another 23 HIV-positive pregnant women were referred to the IHS for their prenatal care and delivery, for a total of 28 women with HIV. Their mean age was 30 years, their mean parity 1.6, and all had HIV-1. Triple therapy was initiated for all HIV-positive pregnant women, in line with the WHO guidelines' "B + option", currently adopted by Senegal. During follow-up, only 35.7 % of the women had access to a viral load assay. The outcome of pregnancy was favorable in 91.6 % of cases; 72.2% of the women had vaginal deliveries. All live-born infants were given antiretroviral prophylaxis at birth. The mode of breastfeeding used was mainly exclusive protected breastfeeding (72.2 %). During postnatal follow-up, 2 of the 17 live-born infants were lost to follow-up, and 15 had PCR testing for HIV, which was positive in only 1 case, for a transmission rate of 6.6 %. CONCLUSION: The systematic offer and performance of HIV testing in all pregnant women is feasible and acceptable. Good organization of care can provide ARV treatment for all HIV-positive pregnant women and their newborns. The accessibility of viral load testing and of PCR screening for neonates still requires improvement.

Short bowel syndrome: difficulties of management in rural areas.

INTRODUCTION: The causes of short bowel syndrome are multiple, but most often in sub-Saharan Africa they result from extensive surgical resection that leaves less than 200 cm. Intestinal failure appears rapidly with a major hydroelectrolytic deficiency and malabsorption. Management requires parenteral nutrition that can be life-long. OBSERVATION: A 53 year-old patient underwent surgery in 1986 for peptic ulcer disease and recovered successfully. He was admitted in July 2015 for acute bowel obstruction of more than 8 hours duration. Intraoperative exploration showed irreversible ischemia in the small bowel, related to tight adhesions. An extensive resection leaving 110 cm of bowel was carried out. Postoperatively, nutritional monitoring and oral supplementation were prescribed and associated with proton pump inhibitors and antidiarrhea drugs. Parenteral feeding was not available. The postoperative period was characterized by temporary stability followed by a significant weight loss, then by two hospitalizations for severe malnutrition and intercurrent infection. Death occurred 7 months after the operation. CONCLUSION: Parenteral nutrition is essential in short bowel syndrome. Availability, especially for a long-term use, is a major problem in our context, and alternatives are rare.

Simulation training for emergency obstetric and neonatal care in Senegal preliminary results.

To describe a new training approach for emergency obstetric and neonatal care (EmONC) introduced in Senegal to strengthen the skills of healthcare providers. The approach was based on skills training according to the so-called "humanist" method and on "lifesaving skills". Simulated practice took place in the classroom through 13 clinical stations summarizing the clinical skills needed for EmONC. Evaluation took place in all phases, and the results were recorded in a database to document the progress of each learner. This approach was used to train 432 providers in 10 months and to document the increase in each participants' technical achievements. The combination of training with the "learning by doing" model ensured that providers learned and mastered all EmONC skills and reduced the missed learning opportunities observed in former EmONC training sessions. Assessing the impact of training on EmONC indicators and introducing this learning modality in basic training are the two major challenges we currently face.

Bilan des activités d'Anesthésie au service de Gynécologie - Obstétrique du Centre de Santé Gaspard Kamara, Dakar (Sénégal)

Objectifs : Faire le bilan des activités d'anesthésie au Centre de Santé Gaspard Kamara et proposer des recommandations pour améliorer la qualité des soins.Patientes et méthodes :Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective, descriptive et analytique allant du 1er Janvier au 31 Décembre 2012 et incluant toutes les patientes ayant bénéficié d'une anesthésie et dont les dossiers étaient retrouvés et exploitables. Le personnel du service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation était composé d'un médecin anesthésiste ­ réanimateur et de 5 techniciens supérieurs d'anesthésie dont 3 vacataires à temps partiel. Les paramètres étudiés étaient le profil épidémiologique des patientes, l'indication de l'anesthésie, les données de la consultation pré anesthésique, l'anesthésie peropératoire, la prise en charge postopératoire, les complications et les facteurs influençant le choix de l'anesthésie. L'exploitation statistique des données était effectuée à l'aide du logiciel SPSS version 20.0.Résultats : Durant la période d'étude, nous avons pris en charge 5147 patientes. Parmi celles-ci, 1256 ont bénéficié d'une anesthésie, soit un taux de 24,4%. Nous avons exploité 1033 dossiers (82,2%) qui répondaient aux critères d'inclusion. Le profil épidémiologique était celui d'une femme âgée en moyenne de 28 ans, primipare (50,4%), avec une parité moyenne de 2 et ayant déjà bénéficié d'une anesthésie. Près de la moitié des patientes (46,7%) étaient classées ASA 1. La césarienne était l'indication d'anesthésie la plus fréquente (91,2%) et la majorité des interventions étaient pratiquées dans un contexte d'urgence (87%). L'anesthésie peropératoire était réalisée par les techniciens supérieurs d'anesthésie dans 95,8% des cas. La rachianesthésie était la technique la plus pratiquée (86,9%). L'analgésie postopératoire associait le plus souvent le paracétamol au tramadol (76,8%). Des complications peropératoires étaient dominées par l'hypotension artérielle (10,8%). Un seul décès (0,1%) était enregistré et il n'était pas directement lié à l'anesthésie.Conclusion : La pratique de l'anesthésie est fréquente en Gynécologie Obstétrique. La faible incidence des complications observées dans notre série ne doit pas masquer les difficultés rencontrées au quotidien dans notre pratique. Pour améliorer la qualité des soins en anesthésie, nous devons augmenter l'effectif des ressources humaines qualifiées en anesthésie-réanimation et relever le plateau technique

[Unmet obstetrical needs for major obstetric interventions in Dakar]. / Besoins obstétricaux non couverts pour les interventions obstétricales majeures à Dakar (Sénégal).

OBJECTIVES: To determine unmet needs formajor obstetric interventions and evaluatematernal and perinatal outcome in the region of Dakar in 2010. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective, descriptive, and analytic study of major obstetric interventions (MOI) for absolute maternal indications (AMI) in Dakar examined records in the reference health centers and public hospitals in Dakar for 2010. RESULTS: During the study period, we recorded 5 383 MOI. The epidemiological profile of patients was a woman with a mean age of 28 years, primiparous (41.1%), married (99.7%), and living more than 10 km from the clinic (51%). AMI accounted for 3 449 of the MOI. Cesarean deliveries were by far the predominant intervention (98.74%). Fetal-pelvic disproportion was the most frequent AMI in our study (75.85%). Because the expected number of MOI for AMI in Dakar was 2123, we estimated an unmet obstetric need (UON) of 1326 IOMs, that is, -62.45%of the excess number of IOMs, with disparities between districts. Of 22,349 deliveries, 47 mothers died (0.21%), mainly from antepartumand postpartum hemorrhages (59.6%) and preeclampsia/eclampsia (23.4%). In all, in 22,349 births, there were 442 deaths (2%). CONCLUSION: Obstetric needs are generally well supported in Dakar. However, this negative deficit recorded may mask a real obstetric need.

[Epidemioclinical and legal aspects and cost management of sexual abuse among minors in Dakar, Senegal]. / Aspects épidémiocliniques, juridiques et coût de la prise en charge des abus sexuels chez les mineurs à Dakar, Sénégal.

OBJECTIVES: Specify epidemioclinical and legal aspects of sexual abuse among minors and evaluate the cost of care in Dakar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective multicenter cross-sectional study on sexual abuse among minors over a period of four years from 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2009. Four maternities were targeted: the Social Hygiene Institute of Medina, health center Roi-Baudouin Guédiawaye, the Pikine hospital and health center Youssou-Mbargane-Diop of Rufisque. RESULTS: During the study period, 252 child victims of sexual abuse were supported at four health facilities on a total of 272 sexual abuses of all ages, a frequency of 92.64%. The epidemiological profile of our patients was a child of 11 years old on average, female (100%) and living in the suburbs of Dakar (68.1%). Children were often abused during working hours (31.7%), outside the family environment and often by someone known to the victim (72.6%). Genito-genital contact was the most common mode of sexual contact (80.9%) with vaginal penetration in 61% of cases. Almost all of the victims (92.1%) came to consult, accompanied by their parents, between the 1st and 4th day after the sexual abuse (70%). The examination usually revealed a hymenal trauma (59.9%) of which nearly half (49%) consisted of old lesions. 56.9% of victims had a post-traumatic stress disorder and 31.1%, mutism. We recorded six (6) pregnancies, 2% of our sample. A case of HIV infection was recorded on a sample taken 72hours after sexual abuse. Control of three months HIV serology was requested in 7.1% of cases and only 20% of children had received antiretroviral prophylaxis. Antibiotic prophylaxis had been performed in 13.7% of cases using doxycycline as drug of choice (75%). Only 29% of our patients had received emergency contraception progestin and psychological care concerned only 22% of children. On the legal aspects, 46% of our patients had filed a complaint. Prosecutions were 38%, 45% of which were convicted and 21% were acquitted. The rate of out-of-court settlement was 35% and the time limit for settlement by the justice was on average 6 months with extremes of one month and 24 months. The average cost of care was estimated at 17,010 CFA francs (26 euros) taking into account the consumables used for clinical examination (sterile gloves, catheter, syringe), analysis and prescription drugs. CONCLUSION: The sexual abuse of minors is a disturbing reality that raises rightly universal reprobation. In Senegal, this mainly affects children and its magnitude is increasing over the years. Improved support for victims necessarily involves raising public awareness through the media and the development of specialized structures in the management of sexual abuse.

La problematique des parturientes evacuees en zone rurale senegalaise : exemple du centre hospitalier de Ndioum

Objectifs : Decrire les difficultes rencontrees par les parturientes evacuees dans une zone rurale au Senegal. Methodologie : Etude prospective sur une periode de 12 mois allant de janvier a decembre 2011. Toutes les patientes evacuees vers la maternite. Resultats :La frequence des evacuations obstetricales etait de 31;2. Le nombre moyen de consultation prenatale etait de deux. Une femme sur 3 avait effectue plus de 4CPN (33;3). La grossesse etait a terme dans 83;6 des cas. La distance parcourue etait en moyenne de 48 Km avec des extremes de 1 a 200 km. L'evacuation etait faite au moyen d'une ambulance dans 69 des cas et celle-ci etait accompagnee par un prestataire non qualifie dans 92;7 des cas. La patiente etait vivante bien portante dans 98 des cas. L'enfant etait ne vivant bien portant dans 75;4. La duree de sejour moyenne etait de 2;6 jours avec des extremes de 1 et 12 jours. La contre-reference etait effectuee dans 97;3 des cas. Conclusion : Les resultats de notre etude nous permettent de confirmer malgre les ressources limitees; il est possible de prendre en charge et de reduire la morbidite et la mortalite des patientes evacuees. En effet nous preconisons de mettre en place un systeme de SAMU obstetrical en zone rurale afin de contribuer a la regulation des evacuations obstetricales; mais surtout de permettre aux patientes a faible revenu d'acceder au service

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after achieving a nondetectable serum human chorionic gonadotrophin level.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of recurrent trophoblastic disease after normalisation of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) levels in women with hydatidiform mole. DESIGN: A retrospective review of data from a national gestational trophoblastic disease centre. SETTING: The Trophoblastic Disease Unit, Dakar, Senegal. SAMPLE: Women with pregnancies affected by hydatidiform mole registered between 2006 and 2012. METHODS: The women were followed up in accordance with the hospital protocol 'Score de Dakar'. For women who progressed to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) the time to onset of GTN, treatment and evolution were evaluated. The rate of evolution to GTN after normalisation of hCG was determined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of occurrence of GTN after chemotherapy for hydatidiform mole. RESULTS: Five hundred and thirty-one women were diagnosed to have molar pregnancies. According to the hospital's protocol, 107 (20.2%) of these had chemotherapy and 224 (42.2%) had prophylactic chemotherapy. Five hundred and thirteen women (96.4%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 95.05-98.14%) achieved remission. Eighteen women (3.4%; 95% CI 1.86-4.94%) developed GTN (11 before remission and seven after remission). Seven women out of the 18 developed GTN after hCG normalisation (1.3%). Five of these seven were diagnosed beyond the recommended period of follow up. The mean interval to diagnosis of GTN was 18.7 months. These seven women underwent combination chemotherapy: five achieved complete remission whereas two died from GTN. CONCLUSIONS: Cytotoxic therapy for hydatidiform mole does not prevent GTN, it delays its diagnosis and promotes GTN after normalisation of hCG.

[Trancesarean intra-uterine device. Pilot study performed at Dakar teaching hospital]. / Dispositif intra-utérin mis en place en cours de césarienne. Étude pilote réalisée au centre hospitalier universitaire de Dakar.

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility of copper IUD insertion following cesarean deliveries and assess its safety. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a prospective pilot study at Pikine national hospital from February 15 to November 15, 2012. Were evaluated the efficacy, incidence and spectrum of complications and continuation rates. RESULTS: Fifty-nine subjects were enrolled and 46 received an IUD. The average age of patients was 28 years. No patient had previously used IUDs. Forty-four patients (97.5%) were returned to the first follow-up visit at the first month, 41 patients (89.1%) at the second visit and 39 patients (86.9%) at the third visit. The rate of lost sight was 8.7%. Pain and bleeding were reported rarely: 2.3% at the first month, 4.9% at the third month and 7.7% at the sixth month for the bleeding and 6.8% at the first month, 2.4% at the third month and 2% at the sixth month for pain. The rate of expulsion was 2.2%. CONCLUSION: The insertion of the IUD following cesarean delivery has an acceptable rate of expulsion and no increased rate of adverse effects. This technique should be popularized.