Human genomics. The human transcriptome across tissues and individuals.

Transcriptional regulation and posttranscriptional processing underlie many cellular and organismal phenotypes. We used RNA sequence data generated by Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project to investigate the patterns of transcriptome variation across individuals and tissues. Tissues exhibit characteristic transcriptional signatures that show stability in postmortem samples. These signatures are dominated by a relatively small number of genes­which is most clearly seen in blood­though few are exclusive to a particular tissue and vary more across tissues than individuals. Genes exhibiting high interindividual expression variation include disease candidates associated with sex, ethnicity, and age. Primary transcription is the major driver of cellular specificity, with splicing playing mostly a complementary role; except for the brain, which exhibits a more divergent splicing program. Variation in splicing, despite its stochasticity, may play in contrast a comparatively greater role in defining individual phenotypes.

C-PAmP: large scale analysis and database construction containing high scoring computationally predicted antimicrobial peptides for all the available plant species.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial peptides are a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics. Plants are an important source of such peptides; their pharmacological properties are known since antiquity. Access to relevant information, however, is not straightforward, as there are practically no major repositories of experimentally validated and/or predicted plant antimicrobial peptides. PhytAMP is the only database dedicated to plant peptides with confirmed antimicrobial action, holding 273 entries. Data on such peptides can be otherwise retrieved from generic repositories. DESCRIPTION: We present C-PAmP, a database of computationally predicted plant antimicrobial peptides. C-PAmP contains 15,174,905 peptides, 5-100 amino acids long, derived from 33,877 proteins of 2,112 plant species in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Its web interface allows queries based on peptide/protein sequence, protein accession number and species. Users can view the corresponding predicted peptides along with their probability score, their classification according to the Collection of Anti-Microbial Peptides (CAMP), and their PhytAMP id where applicable. Moreover, users can visualise protein regions with a high concentration of predicted antimicrobial peptides. In order to identify potential antimicrobial peptides we used a classification algorithm, based on a modified version of the pseudo amino acid concept. The classifier tested all subsequences ranging from 5 to 100 amino acids of the plant proteins in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and stored those classified as antimicrobial with a high probability score (>90%). Its performance measures across a 10-fold cross-validation are more than satisfactory (accuracy: 0.91, sensitivity: 0.93, specificity: 0.90) and it succeeded in classifying 99.5% of the PhytAMP peptides correctly. CONCLUSIONS: We have compiled a major repository of predicted plant antimicrobial peptides using a highly performing classification algorithm. Our repository is accessible from the web and supports multiple querying options to optimise data retrieval. We hope it will greatly benefit drug design research by significantly limiting the range of plant peptides to be experimentally tested for antimicrobial activity.

Imprints of spherical nontrivial topologies on the cosmic microwave background.

The apparent low power in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropy power spectrum derived from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe motivated us to consider the possibility of a nontrivial topology. We focus on simple spherical multiconnected manifolds and discuss their implications for the CMB in terms of the power spectrum, maps, and the correlation matrix. We perform a Bayesian model comparison against the fiducial best-fit cold dark matter model with a cosmological constant based both on the power spectrum and the correlation matrix to assess their statistical significance. We find that the first-year power spectrum shows a slight preference for the truncated cube space, but the three-year data show no evidence for any of these spaces.