High Prevalence of Multidrug Resistance and Biofilm-Formation Ability Among Avian Escherichia coli Isolated from Broilers in Iran.

The present study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern and biofilm-formation ability in 100 Avian-Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from colibacillosis-suspected broilers and 100 Avian Fecal E. coli (AFEC) isolates from healthy broilers in Hamedan, Iran. All isolates were screened by polymerase chain reaction for antimicrobial resistance genes, class 1 and 2 integrons, and biofilm-associated genes. Besides, we assessed the possible relationship between biofilm-formation ability antibiotic resistance patterns, genetic background, and the pathogenicity of APEC strains. 81% of APEC and 73% of AFEC isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype; in addition, 45% of the APEC and 21% of the AFEC strains showed biofilm-formation ability. This is the first report of the biofilm formation ability in E. coli isolated from broilers in Iran. The most prevalent antibiotic resistance gene in APEC strains was tetA (68%), followed by sul1 (63%), dfrA1-like (51%), and blaTEM (30%), whereas in AFEC strains, the frequencies of the antibiotic resistance genes were tetA (63%), sul1 (58%), dfrA1-like (49%), and blaTEM (22%). Out of 81 MDR APEC isolates, 53 (65.4%) and 38 (46.91%) isolates were positive for intI1 and intI2 genes, respectively. In the AFEC strains intI1 and intI2 genes were presented in 57 and 33 isolates, respectively. All APEC isolates belonging to phylogenetic groups B1, B2, and C were MDR. The results of the present study indicate that isolates with biofilm-forming ability show more MDR properties and probably have more pathogenicity to broilers.

Effect of the silicone heel pad on plantar fasciitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of silicone heel pad in the management of pain in plantar fasciitis patients. METHODS: The descriptive case series study was conducted at Hope Rehabilitation Centre, Lahore, from March 1 to September 30, 2013, and comprised patients aged > 18 years with symptomatic plantar fasciitis who were treated with silicone heel pad. All patients were assessed at one month and six months for pain relief measured on % Maximum Total Pain Relief and Pain Intensity Difference percentage scales. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. RESULTS: Out of 100 patients, 37(37%) were male and 63(63%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 44.25±12.75 years. Five (5%) patients were lost to follow-up during the study, while 7(7%) patients changed their initial treatment because they did not experience relief. Silicone heel pad reported a better outcome measure associated with the patient\'s heel pain as 74(84.09%) patients resolved their condition or reached a tolerance level and showed preferable reduction in heel pain .There were statistically significant difference between pain relieved and treatment duration (p=0.039). CONCLUSIONS: Conservative intervention with silicone heel pad showed relief from heel pain and it allowed the patient to manage the condition more effectively with no complications but for shortterm. It was less effective in the long term.

Assessment Techniques to Detect Aspergillus fumigatus in Different Samples of Immunosuppressed Male Western Albino Rats.

BACKGROUND: There are several conventional, immunological and molecular techniques to diagnose the fungi that cause aspergillosis in biological samples; these methods have some advantages and disadvantages. OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed to evaluate different methods used in identification and diagnosis of fungi causing aspergillosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Western Albino rats were provided by Animal Care Unit at Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University. After adaptation for a reasonable period, rat's immunity was debilitated by injection of cyclophosphamide (i.p.); the infection was induced by injecting (i.v.) the prepared suspension of Aspergillus fumigatus spores. Blood samples, lung tissue, lung fluid smears and nasal fluid smears were obtained during the periods before and after injection. Isolation of fungus was carried out by synthetic media; and macro- and micro-characteristics were studied to identify the fungus. Enzyme-linked immunesorbent (ELISA) and LightCycler-based PCR was employed to check the existence of the fungus in blood samples. RESULTS: The results indicated that all methods were unable to diagnose the A. fumigatus on the following day of infection except ELISA method; however, culturing methods varied according to the type of vital samples where lung tissue and lung fluid smears were the best. Moreover, more than half of the samples used in the culturing techniques had negative results. The highest rate of the cases diagnosed by ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was recorded during the second week following the infection, and then it declined gradually till the end of the experiment. The molecular methods showed high efficiency followed by ELISA. CONCLUSIONS: It could be concluded that the best methods to identify A. fumigatus were molecular methods; however, the early diagnosis requires the enzymatic-immunological methods (ELISA). The current study recommends the integration among all possible techniques whenever the facilities are available. But when only microbiological methods are used, samples should be collected from different organs of the infected hosts.