RESUMO
(1) Section 1332 of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) allows states to apply for reinsurance waivers--which can alter certain ACA requirements for health insurance plans--to help make coverage more affordable. (2) As of 2017, more than 10 million people were enrolled in a health insurance plan in the individual market. (3) To date, seven states have successfully adopted reinsurance programs at minimal cost to the state and have seen premiums reduced as much as 20 percent annually.
Assuntos
Controle de Custos/economia , Cobertura do Seguro/economia , Seguro Saúde/economia , Controle de Custos/legislação & jurisprudência , Custo Compartilhado de Seguro , Governo Federal , Humanos , Cobertura do Seguro/legislação & jurisprudência , Seguro Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act/economia , Risco Ajustado , Governo Estadual , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Temperature is one of the primary environmental variables limiting organismal performance, fitness, and species distributions. Yet, understanding temperature effects requires thorough exploration of thermal constraints and organismal responses that can translate to fitness and non-lethal long-term consequences under both constant and changing thermal regimes. We examined the thermal ecology of the fiddler crab Uca panacea, including critical thermal limits, thermal sensitivity of locomotion, operative environmental temperatures, preferred body temperatures, and acclimation ability. Operative environmental temperatures frequently reached the critical thermal maximum (41.8±0.8°C, mean ± s.e.m.), especially in unvegetated microhabitats, indicating the need for behavioral thermoregulation to maintain diurnal activity patterns. Preferred body temperatures (21.1-28.6°C) were substantially below the thermal optimum (30-40°C), although further research is needed to determine the driver of this mismatch. Critical thermal limits shifted 2-4°C in response to exposure to low (20°C) or high (35°C) temperatures, with full acclimation occurring in approximately 9d. This capacity for rapid acclimation, combined with the capacity for behavioral thermoregulation, is a strong candidate mechanism that explains the broad habitat use and could help explain the successful pantropical distribution of fiddler crabs.
