Impact of HIV-ART on the restoration of Th17 and Treg cells in blood and female genital mucosa.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on the proportion and functions of Th17 and Treg cells in peripheral blood and female genital tract (FGT) respectively. To this aim, samples from 41 HIV-neg, 33 HIV+ ART-naïve and 32 HIV+ ART+ subjects were obtained. In peripheral blood, altered Th17 and Th17/Treg proportions were normalized in HIV+ ART+, but certain abnormal Treg and activated T-cell proportions were still observed. In FGT, abnormal patterns of secretion for Th17-related cytokines were observed in cervical mononuclear cells (CMCs) from HIV+ women, even in those from HIV+ ART+, compared to the HIV-neg group. Moreover, these altered patterns of secretion were associated with diminished levels of CXCL5 and CXCL1 chemokines and with an immunoregulatory skew in the CCL17/CCL20 ratio in ectocervix samples of these women. Finally, ART did not restore proportions of Th17-precursor cells with gut-homing potential in PBMCs, and positive correlations between these cells and the levels of IL-17F and IL-21 production by CMCs may suggest that a better homing of these cells to the intestine could also imply a better restoration of these cells in the female genital tract. These results indicate that antiretroviral treatment did not restore Th17-related immune functions completely at the female mucosal level.

Factores predictivos histológicos e inmunohistoquimícos de metástasis en ganglio no centinela en pacientes con cáncer de mama y ganglio centinela positivo / Histological and histochemical predicting factors of increased risk of metastatic compromise of non sentinel nodes, in patients with positive sentinel node biopsy

Introducción La biopsia del ganglio centinela (bgc) permite estadificar la axila en pacientes con cáncer de mama (cm) y axila clínicamente negativa. Mediante este procedimiento, se evita la linfadenectomía axilar en una proporción de pacientes. Sin embargo, frente a la positividad del ganglio centinela, una vez completada la linfadenectomía, un subgrupo de pacientes no tienen enfermedad residual en el resto de los ganglios axilares, definidos como ganglios no centinela. Objetivo Analizar los factores de predicción histológicos e inmunohistoquímicos de compromiso en ganglios no centinelas (gnc) en aquellas pacientes con bgc positiva seguida de linfadenectomía axilar, operadas por el Servicio de Patología Mamaria del Hospital Fernández en el período que transcurre entre enero de 1998 y marzo de 2016. Material y método Se realizaron 712 bgc entre los meses de enero de 1998 y marzo de 2016, en el Servicio de Patología Mamaria del Hospital Fernández. Del total, 140 resultaron positivas. Se analizó retrospectivamente la vinculación entre diversas características y la existencia de enfermedad axilar en gnc en 119 casos. Resultados Cuando la bgc resultó positiva, se encontró enfermedad en gnc en el 53,8% de los casos. El análisis univariable demostró correlación estadísticamente significativa entre presencia de metástasis en gnc y la presencia de 2 o más gc positivos, el tamaño tumoral mayor a 2 cm, el compromiso por macrometástasis del gc, la presencia del receptor her2 en el tumor y el alto grado mitótico y el compromiso de la cápsula ganglionar. Conclusiones Los factores independientes de compromiso de gnc son los siguientes: el alto grado mitótico, la presencia del receptor her2, la existencia de 2 o más gc positivos, el compromiso de la cápsula ganglionar.

Introduction The sentinel node biopsy can stage breast cancer patients with negative axillary lymph node examination. Using this procedure it is possible to avoid axillary lymph node dissection in some patients. However, when sentinel node biopsy results positive, once achieved the axillary node dissection, some patients do not have residual disease in the non sentinel nodes. Objective To study histological and histochemical predicting factors of increased risk of metastatic compromise of non sentinel nodes, in patients with positive sentinel node biopsy and subsequent axillary lymph node dissection, treated in the Breast Disease Division of Hospital Fernandez between January 1998 and March 2016. Materials and method Between January 1998 and March 2016, 712 patients underwent to node sentinel biopsy in the Breast Disease Division of Hospital Fernández. This study assessed, in a retrospective way, the association between the histological and histochemical predicting factors and non sentinel node disease in 119 cases. Results When sentinel node biopsy was positive, there was non sentinel lymph node metastasis in 53,8% of cases. The following variables were found to be potentially associated with non-sentinel node metastases in the univariated analysis: number of positive sentinel lymph node, size of the tumor, size of the metastasis in the sentinel lymph node, presence of her2 receptor in the tumor, high mitotic rate and extracapsular perinodal spread. Conclusions Independent factors for involvement of non sentinel nodes are: the high mitotic rate, the presence of her2 receptor in the tumor, the number of positive sentinel lymph nodes and the extracapsular perinodal spread.