Comparação entre três métodos analíticos para determinação de soro em leite cru refrigerado / Comparison of three analytical methods to determine serum in refrigerated raw milk

O objetivo deste experimento foi comparar três métodos analíticos para determinação de soro em leite cru refrigerado: cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, ninidrina ácida e colorimétrico adaptado. Foram coletadas 100 amostras de leite cru refrigerado de tanques de expansão. Estas, quando submetidas à análise pelo método da ninidrina ácida, apresentaram 10 (14,7%) amostras negativas e 58 (85,3%) positivas. O teor médio de ácido siálico encontrado na técnica da ninidrina foi de 5,58(g/mL, com valor mais frequente de 2,70(g/mL. Das 68 amostras negativas pela cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, duas foram positivas (2,94%) e 66 (97,06%) negativas, quando analisadas pelo método colorimétrico. A frequência relativa de amostras positivas foi de 32%, com a CLAE apresentando a maior média de soro (14,37%), seguida do método colorimétrico (5,28%) e o da ninidrina ácida (3,12%). A técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência diferiu dos métodos de ninidrina ácida e colorimétrico, enquanto os métodos da ninidrina e colorimétrico não diferiram entre si, podendo ambos serem utilizados como metodologias de triagem. Entre as três técnicas, a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foi a metodologia mais sensível na detecção e quantificação do soro em leite cru refrigerado.(AU)

The objective of this study was to compare three analytical methods to determine serum in refrigerated raw milk. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), acidic and colorimetric ninhydrin methods were applied. A collection of 100 samples of raw milk from cooled expansion tanks took place. The results showed that 10 samples (14.7%) were negative and 58 (85.3%) were positive for the acidic ninhydrin method. The mean sialic acid content found in the ninhydrin technique was 5.58µg/mL, with a more frequent value of 2.70µg/mL. From all 68 HPLC negative samples, two were positive (2.94%) and 66 (97.06%) negative to the colorimetric method. The relative frequency of positive samples was 32%, HPLC had the highest mean serum levels (14.37%), followed by the colorimetric method (5.28%) and acid ninhydrin (3.12%). The high-performance liquid chromatography method was different from the acid and colorimetric ninhydrin methods. The ninhydrin and colorimetric methods were not different from each other, both of which could be used as screening methodologies. Among the three techniques, HPLC was the most sensitive methodology for the detection and quantification of serum in refrigerated raw milk.(AU)

Efeito da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite cru nos resultados das análises eletrônicas / Effect of temperature and time of storage of raw milk samples on eletronic analysis results

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite cru refrigerado nos resultados das análises eletrônicas da qualidade do leite. Amostras de leite cru refrigerado foram coletadas de tanques de expansão de uso individual de fazendas localizadas na mesorregião Centro Goiano, no estado de Goiás, e armazenadas em quatro temperaturas diferentes (3°C, 11°C, 17°C e 25°C) durante 16 dias. Foram realizadas diariamente análises de contagem bacteriana total (CBT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e composição química. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan. Concluiu-se que as amostras destinadas à análise de CBT, adicionadas do conservante azidiol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta, quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C, e por até 10 dias, quando armazenadas a 17°C. As amostras destinadas às análises de CCS e composição química, adicionadas do conservante bronopol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta, quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C, e por até sete dias, quando armazenadas a 17°C.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of temperature and storage time of cooled samples of raw milk on the results of milk quality electronic analysis. Refrigerated raw milk samples were collected from expansion tanks for individual use of farms located in the middle region of the state of Goiás, and stored at four different temperatures (3°C, 11°C, 17°C, and 25°C) for 16 days. Total bacterial count (TBC), somatic cell count (SCC), and chemical composition were performed daily. The results were submitted to analysis of variance in split plot design in randomized blocks, and the means were compared by Duncan test. We concluded that, when azidiol is added as preservative to samples for TBC, they can be analyzed up to 16 days after collection when stored at temperatures of 3°C and 11°C, and up to 10 days when stored at 17°C. Moreover, when bronopol is added as preservative, samples for SCC and chemical composition analysis can be stored for up to 16 days after collection when stored at temperatures of 3°C and 11°C, and for up to seven days when stored at 17°C.(AU)

Comparative proteomics reveals proteins impacted by nitrogen deprivation in wild-type and high lipid-accumulating mutant strains of Tisochrysis lutea.

Understanding microalgal lipid accumulation under nitrogen starvation is of major interest for biomass feedstock, food and biofuel production. Using a domesticated oleaginous algae Tisochrysis lutea, we performed the first comparative proteomic analysis on the wild type strain and a selected lipid over-accumulating mutant. 2-DE analysis was made on these strains cultured in two metabolic conditions, with and without nitrogen deprivation, which revealed significant differences in proteomes according to both strain and nitrogen availability. Mass spectrometry allowed us to identify 37 proteins that were differentially expressed between the two strains, and 17 proteins regulated by nitrogen starvation concomitantly with lipid accumulation. The proteins identified are known to be involved in various metabolic pathways including lipid, carbohydrate, amino acid, energy and pigment metabolisms, photosynthesis, protein translation, stress response and cell division. Four candidates were selected for possible implication in the over-accumulation of lipids during nitrogen starvation. These include the plastid beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase protein, the coccolith scale associated protein and two glycoside hydrolases involved in biosynthesis of fatty acids, carbon homeostasis and carbohydrate catabolism, respectively. This proteomic study confirms the impact of nitrogen starvation on overall metabolism and provides new perspectives to study the lipid over-accumulation in the prymnesiophyte haptophyte T. lutea. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This paper study consists of the first proteomic analysis on Tisochrysis lutea, a non-model marine microalga of interest for aquaculture and lipids production. Comparative proteomics revealed proteins putatively involved in the up-accumulation of neutral lipids in a mutant strain during nitrogen starvation. The results are of great importance for future works to improve lipid accumulation in microalgae of biotechnological interest for biofuel production. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics of non-model organisms.

Nodulation and nitrogen fixation by Mimosa spp. in the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes of Brazil.

*An extensive survey of nodulation in the legume genus Mimosa was undertaken in two major biomes in Brazil, the Cerrado and the Caatinga, in both of which there are high degrees of endemicity of the genus. *Nodules were collected from 67 of the 70 Mimosa spp. found. Thirteen of the species were newly reported as nodulating. Nodules were examined by light and electron microscopy, and all except for M. gatesiae had a structure typical of effective Mimosa nodules. The endosymbiotic bacteria in nodules from all of the Mimosa spp. were identified as Burkholderia via immunolabelling with an antibody against Burkholderia phymatum STM815. *Twenty of the 23 Mimosa nodules tested were shown to contain nitrogenase by immunolabelling with an antibody to the nitrogenase Fe- (nifH) protein, and using the delta(15)N ((15)N natural abundance) technique, contributions by biological N(2) fixation of up to 60% of total plant N were calculated for Caatinga Mimosa spp. *It is concluded that nodulation in Mimosa is a generic character, and that the preferred symbionts of Brazilian species are Burkholderia. This is the first study to demonstrate N(2) fixation by beta-rhizobial symbioses in the field.

Influência da temperatura de armazenamento e do sistema de utilização do tanque de expansão sobre a qualidade microbiológica do leite cru / Influence of the temperature of storage and of the system of utilization of the tank of expansion about the microbiological quality of the raw milk

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar a influência da temperatura de armazenamento e do sistema de utilização do tanque de refrigeração sobre a qualidade microbiológica do leite cru. Foram analisadas 1.215 amostras quanto a contagem bacteriana total (CBT), através da metodologia de citometria de fluxo. Nas amostras abaixo de 4,0ºC , entre 4,1 e 7,0ºC e acima de 7,0ºC a CBT média foi 2.733.000 UFC / ml, 3.641.000 UFC / ml e 5.687.000 UFC / ml, respectivamente. A CBT média das amostras provenientes de tanques coletivos foi 5.536.000 UFC / ml e das colhidas em tanques individuais foi 2.604.000 UFC / ml, sendo significativamente diferente (p<0,05). Observou-se que 70,21 por cento das amostras analisadas apresentaram CBT abaixo de 1.000.000 de UFC / ml. A baixa qualidade microbiológica das amostras sugere predominantemente a ocorrência de falhas na higiene de ordenha.

[Hyperfrequent consultations: is there a relationship with the mother's personality?]. / Hiperfrecuentación en las consultas: hay relación con la personalidad de la madre?

OBJECTIVES: To study the psychological profile of mothers who overuse pediatric services and associated social and demographic characteristics, as well as to evaluate the association between maternal personality profile and greater use of pediatric services. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive study, at the Basic Health Areas of Granollers Sud and Granollers Oest-Canovelles in Barcelona (Spain). SUBJECTS: Forty-four mothers, representing 21.5 % of the population meeting the inclusion criteria were studied. The population consisted of mothers of children who visited the center on an equal or higher number of occasions as two standard deviations. PROCEDURE: One-hour interviews were conducted. A data sheet to assess social and demographic variables, Milton's Multiaxial Inventory II, and Goldberg's Anxiety and Depression Scale to detect symptoms of depression and anxiety were administered. RESULTS: Forty-four mothers (21.5 %) attended the interviews. The mean age was 36.6 years. Most of the mothers (90.9 %) were married, 73 % had completed primary studies, 5 % were housewives, and 75 % had no family support. Fifty percent of the children were the youngest in their family, and 30 % were only children. Concerning personality disorders, 55.8 % of overusing mothers showed compulsive personality, 30.23 % schizoid personality, and 14 % dependent personality while 47.7 % of mothers presented significant symptoms of anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Sociodemographic profile, anxiety, and maternal personality profile are related to overuse of pediatric services. Compulsive, schizoid and dependent personality disorders seem to be associated with overuse.

Hiperfrecuentación en las consultas: ¿hay relación con la personalidad de la madre? / Hyperfrequent consultations: is there a relationship with the mother's personality

Objetivos: Estudiar el perfil psicológico materno de los niños hiperfrecuentadores de diferentes consultas. Estudiar las características sociodemográficas asociadas. Medir el grado de asociación entre el tipo de personalidad materna y un perfil de mayor demanda de consulta pediátrica. Material y métodos Estudio descriptivo transversal, en las áreas básicas de salud Granollers Sud y Granollers Oest-Canovelles (Barcelona).Se incluyeron 44 madres, que representan el 21,5 per cent de la población con criterios de inclusión. La población eran 205 madres de niños que habían acudido al centro un número de veces igual o superior a dos desviaciones estándar.Se realizaron entrevistas de una hora donde se administrando una hoja de datos para estudiar las variables sociodemográficas, el Inventario Clínico Multiaxial de Millon II (Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory Manual II, MCMI-II) y la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión de Goldberg para la detección de síntomas de depresión y ansiedad. Resultados Asistieron 44 madres, el 21,5 per cent citado. La edad media era de 36,6 años. El 90,9 per cent de las madres estaban casadas, el 73 per cent tenían estudios primarios completos, el 5 per cent eran amas de casa y el 75 per cent no recibía apoyo familiar. Respecto a los hijos, el 50 per cent eran los hermanos pequeños y el 30 per cent eran hijos únicos. En relación con los trastornos de personalidad, el 55,8 per cent de las madres hiperfrecuentadoras presentaban una personalidad compulsiva, el 30,23 per cent personalidad esquizoide y el 14 per cent personalidad dependiente.El 47,7 per cent de las madres mostraban síntomas significativos de ansiedad. Conclusiones Existe relación entre el perfil sociodemográfico antes citado, la ansiedad y el perfil de personalidad materna con la hiperfrecuentación. Parece existir relación entre los trastornos de personalidad compulsiva, esquizoide y dependiente con la hiperdemanda pediátrica materna (AU)