Assuntos
Determinação da Pressão Arterial/instrumentação , Monitores de Pressão Arterial/normas , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Agências Internacionais/organização & administração , Marketing/legislação & jurisprudência , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Monitores de Pressão Arterial/tendências , Regulamentação Governamental , Humanos , OrganizaçõesAssuntos
Implementação de Plano de Saúde/métodos , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Atenção Primária à Saúde/métodos , Organização Mundial da Saúde/organização & administração , Análise Custo-Benefício , Estudos de Viabilidade , Implementação de Plano de Saúde/economia , Recursos em Saúde , Humanos , Hipertensão/economia , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Mortalidade Prematura , Guias de Prática Clínica como AssuntoAssuntos
Sistemas Pré-Pagos de Saúde/organização & administração , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Sociedades Médicas/organização & administração , África Subsaariana/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Epidemias , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/mortalidade , Avaliação das Necessidades , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
High dietary salt is a leading risk for death and disability largely by causing increased blood pressure. Other associated health risks include gastric and renal cell cancers, osteoporosis, renal stones, and increased disease activity in multiple sclerosis, headache, increased body fat and Meniere's disease. The World Hypertension League (WHL) has prioritized advocacy for salt reduction. WHL resources and actions include a non-governmental organization policy statement, dietary salt fact sheet, development of standardized nomenclature, call for quality research, collaboration in a weekly salt science update, development of a process to set recommended dietary salt research standards and regular literature reviews, development of adoptable power point slide sets to support WHL positions and resources, and critic of weak research studies on dietary salt. The WHL plans to continue to work with multiple governmental and non-governmental organizations to promote dietary salt reduction towards the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.
RESUMO
The Global Burden of Disease Study and related studies report unhealthy diet is the leading risk for death and disability globally. Given the evidence associating diet and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), international and national health bodies including the World Health Organization and United Nations have called for population health interventions to improve diet as a means to target NCDs. One of the proposed interventions is to ensure healthy foods/beverages are more accessible to purchasers and unhealthy ones less accessible via fiscal policy, namely taxation and subsidies. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence base to assess the effect of healthy food/beverage subsidies and unhealthy food/beverage taxation. A comprehensive review was conducted by searching PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed publications and seventy-eight studies were identified for inclusion in this review. This review was performed in keeping with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidance. Although moderate in quality, there was consistent evidence that taxation and subsidy intervention influenced dietary behaviors. The quality, level and strength of evidence along with identified gaps in research support the need for further policies and ongoing evaluation of population-wide food/beverage subsidies and taxation. To maximize success and effect, this review suggests that food taxes and subsidies should be a minimum of 10 to 15% and preferably used in tandem. Implementation of population-wide polices for taxation and subsides with ongoing evaluation of intended and unintended effects are supported by this review.
Assuntos
Dieta/economia , Comportamento Alimentar , Assistência Alimentar , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , Promoção da Saúde , Política Nutricional , Impostos , Dieta/normas , Saúde , HumanosAssuntos
Determinação da Pressão Arterial/métodos , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Determinação da Pressão Arterial/economia , Política de Saúde , Humanos , Hipertensão/economia , Cooperação Internacional , Programas de Rastreamento/economia , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Guias de Prática Clínica como AssuntoRESUMO
Increased blood pressure and high dietary salt are leading risks for death and disability globally. Reducing the burden of both health risks are United Nations' targets for reducing noncommunicable disease. Nongovernmental organizations and individuals can assist by ensuring widespread dissemination of the best available facts and recommended interventions for both health risks. Simple but impactful fact sheets can be useful for informing the public, healthcare professionals, and policy makers. The World Hypertension League has developed fact sheets on dietary salt and hypertension but in many circumstances the greatest impact would be obtained from national-level fact sheets. This manuscript provides instructions and a template for developing fact sheets based on the Global Burden of Disease study and national survey data.