Diabetes mellitus and female sexual response: what do animal models tell us?

BACKGROUND: One of the less explored effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) is female sexual dysfunction. Females of different species have been used as models. AIM: To analyze the information of animal models of DM and female sexual response (FSR). METHODS: The literature of FSR in models of DM was reviewed. OUTCOMES: Paradigm- and diabetes-dependent changes have been found in various aspects of the FSR. RESULTS: Females in a type 1 DM (DM1) model show a decrease in the number of proestrus events, and ovariectomized females treated with sex hormones have been used. In these females, a reduction in lordosis has been reported; in proceptivity, the data are contradictory. These females present a decrease in sexual motivation that was restored after exogenous insulin. In the type 2 DM (DM2) model, females show regular estrous cycles, normal levels of lordosis behavior, and, depending on the paradigm, decreased proceptivity. These females display normal preference for sexually active males or their olfactory cues when having free physical contact; they lose this preference when tested in paradigms where physical interaction is precluded. CLINICAL TRANSLATION: Preclinical data showing the high deleterious effects of a DM1 model and the less drastic effects under a DM2 model are in accordance with clinical data revealing a much higher prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women with DM1 than DM2. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: The main strength is the analysis of the changes in various components of FSR in 2 models of DM. The main limitation is the difficulty in extrapolating the data on FSR from rats to women and that most studies focus on evaluating the impact of severe or chronic-moderate hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia on the sexual response, without considering other pathophysiologic alterations generated by DM. CONCLUSION: Females with severe hyperglycemia have a decrease in FSR, while those with moderate hyperglycemia show much less drastic effects.

Structural basis of centromeric cohesion protection.

In the early stages of mitosis, cohesin is released from chromosome arms but not from centromeres. The protection of centromeric cohesin by SGO1 maintains the sister chromatid cohesion that resists the pulling forces of microtubules until all chromosomes are attached in a bipolar manner to the mitotic spindle. Here we present the X-ray crystal structure of a segment of human SGO1 bound to a conserved surface of the cohesin complex. SGO1 binds to a composite interface formed by the SA2 and SCC1RAD21 subunits of cohesin. SGO1 shares this binding interface with CTCF, indicating that these distinct chromosomal regulators control cohesin through a universal principle. This interaction is essential for the localization of SGO1 to centromeres and protects centromeric cohesin against WAPL-mediated cohesin release. SGO1-cohesin binding is maintained until the formation of microtubule-kinetochore attachments and is required for faithful chromosome segregation and the maintenance of a stable karyotype.

Accuracy of the angiography-based quantitative flow ratio in intermediate left main coronary artery lesions and comparison with visual estimation.

BACKGROUND: Revascularization of left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis is mostly based on angiography. Indices based on angiography might increase accuracy of the decision, although they have been scarcely used in LMCA. The objective of this study is to study the diagnostic agreement of QFR (quantitative flow ratio) with wire-based fractional flow reserve (FFR) in LMCA lesions and to compare with visual severity assessment. METHODS: In a series of patients with invasive FFR assessment of intermediate LMCA stenoses we retrospectively compared the measured value of QFR with that of FFR and the estimate of significance from angiography. RESULTS: 107 QFR studies were included. The QFR intra-observer and inter-observer agreement was 87% and 82% respectively. The mean QFR-FFR difference was 0.047 ± 0.05 with a concordance of 90.7%, sensitivity 88.1%, specificity 92.3%, positive predictive value 88.1% and negative predictive value 92.3%. All these values were superior to those observed with the visual estimation which showed an intra- and inter-observer agreement of 73% and 72% respectively, besides 78% with the FFR value. The low diagnostic performance of the visual estimation and the acceptable performance of the QFR index measurement were observed in all subgroups analysed. CONCLUSIONS: QFR allows an acceptable estimate of the FFR obtained with intracoronary pressure guidewire in intermediate LMCA lesions, and clearly superior to the assessment based on angiography alone. The decision to revascularize patients with moderate LMCA lesions should not be based solely on the degree of angiographic stenosis.

Estimating power wheelchair battery lifespan based on real-world data.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to: (1) estimate battery lifespan in power wheelchairs (PWCs) as measured by the length of time until battery replacement occurs and (2) identify factors associated with variability in battery lifespan after device distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PWCs distributed between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2018 were retrieved from the Wheelchair Repair Registry (WRR) and included into this retrospective cohort study. Factors associated with battery lifespan were examined with the stratified Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: A data set of 1268 PWCs from four different manufacturers was analysed. Five hundred and ten PWCs (40.2%) had one battery replacement with median battery lifespan of 22.3 months. The overall cumulative incidences of battery replacement were 14.5%, 56.2% and 88.2% at the end of the first, second and third year after device distribution, respectively. Among PWC manufacturers, manufacturer C (hazard ratio (HR), 2.63; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.35-5.12; p = 0.004) and manufacturer D (HR, 3.02; 95% CI, 1.51-6.01; p = 0.002) were associated with shorter battery lifespan. PWCs operated in warmer states (65-75 °F annual temperature averages) were associated with longer battery lifespan. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that the median battery lifespan was 22 months. PWC manufacturer and operating climate temperature were associated with variability in battery lifespan. This research has implications to better inform users, providers, manufacturers and payers to be more aware of battery lifespan across PWC types and manufactures to anticipate replacement timelines and avoid adverse situations associated with battery failures. Implications for rehabilitationThere are differences in battery lifespan across different power wheelchair (PWC) manufactures.Power wheelchair batteries last longer in warmer operating climates.Future attention needs to be sought towards the types of batteries manufacturers are using for PWC group classifications.These types of studies could be useful to justify reasonable timelines and the costs associated with battery replacements.

DNAJC9 integrates heat shock molecular chaperones into the histone chaperone network.

From biosynthesis to assembly into nucleosomes, histones are handed through a cascade of histone chaperones, which shield histones from non-specific interactions. Whether mechanisms exist to safeguard the histone fold during histone chaperone handover events or to release trapped intermediates is unclear. Using structure-guided and functional proteomics, we identify and characterize a histone chaperone function of DNAJC9, a heat shock co-chaperone that promotes HSP70-mediated catalysis. We elucidate the structure of DNAJC9, in a histone H3-H4 co-chaperone complex with MCM2, revealing how this dual histone and heat shock co-chaperone binds histone substrates. We show that DNAJC9 recruits HSP70-type enzymes via its J domain to fold histone H3-H4 substrates: upstream in the histone supply chain, during replication- and transcription-coupled nucleosome assembly, and to clean up spurious interactions. With its dual functionality, DNAJC9 integrates ATP-resourced protein folding into the histone supply pathway to resolve aberrant intermediates throughout the dynamic lives of histones.

Hybridization and cryptic speciation in the Iberian endemic plant genus Phalacrocarpum (Asteraceae-Anthemideae).

Understanding the role and impact of reticulation in phylogenetic inquiry has improved with extended use of high throughput sequencing data. Yet, due to the dynamism of genomes over evolutionary time, disentangling old hybridization events remains a serious challenge. Phalacrocarpum (DC.) Willk. is one of the 27 Iberian endemic plant genera, currently considered monotypic but including three subspecies. Its uncertain phylogenetic relationships within tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae) point to an Early Miocene divergence from its sister group, and its persistent taxonomic instability has been proposed to be due to hybridization. We aim at understanding the evolutionary history of this genus using SNPs called from a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis, Sanger sequences-from three plastid DNA regions (psbJ-petA, petB-petD, trnH-psbA) and the nuclear ribosomal ITS regions (cloned)-as well as leaf morphometric multivariate analysis. SNP data and Sanger sequences strongly support the unforeseen existence of a cryptic species in the eastern populations of P. oppositifolium subsp. anomalum. Broad molecular and morphometric patterns of variation found in conflictive populations from the Sanabria Valley region convincingly identify a recent previously undocumented hybrid zone. By contrast, evidence is less conclusive on relationships between subspecies hoffmannseggii, oppositifolium and a second conflictive group distributed along the Galician-Portuguese border (Orense massifs). Although genetic clustering analysis of SNP data suggests that the former subspecies was the maternal progenitor in hybridization events that gave rise to the other two groups, we found considerable uniqueness of ITS ribotypes and plastid haplotypes in them. This result, in the context of Pleistocene climatically-driven range shifts in NW Iberian Peninsula, can be due to periods of isolation, genetic bottlenecks and drift superimposed on old hybridization events. Our study confirms the idea that unravelling old hybridization events may be compromised by the suite of evolutionary processes accumulated subsequently, particularly in areas with a history of climatic instability.

Distinct Roles for Condensin's Two ATPase Sites in Chromosome Condensation.

Condensin is a conserved SMC complex that uses its ATPase machinery to structure genomes, but how it does so is largely unknown. We show that condensin's ATPase has a dual role in chromosome condensation. Mutation of one ATPase site impairs condensation, while mutating the second site results in hyperactive condensin that compacts DNA faster than wild-type, both in vivo and in vitro. Whereas one site drives loop formation, the second site is involved in the formation of more stable higher-order Z loop structures. Using hyperactive condensin I, we reveal that condensin II is not intrinsically needed for the shortening of mitotic chromosomes. Condensin II rather is required for a straight chromosomal axis and enables faithful chromosome segregation by counteracting the formation of ultrafine DNA bridges. SMC complexes with distinct roles for each ATPase site likely reflect a universal principle that enables these molecular machines to intricately control chromosome architecture.

Desarrollo y ensayo de dos procedimientos para la detección rápida de Streptococcus agalactiae en exudados vaginorrectales / Development and testing of two procedures for the quick detection of Streptococcus agalactiae in rectal-vaginal exudates

Introducción: la infección por Estreptococo grupo B (EGB) puede afectar gravemente a la madre y al feto durante la gestación y al recién nacido luego del parto. Actualmente, eldiagnóstico de colonización durante el embarazo se realiza por métodos microbiológicos a partir de exudados vaginorrectales. Objetivo: desarrollar métodos rápidos y de bajo costo para la detección del antígeno grupo específico de EGB en exudados vaginorrectales.Material y método: se utilizaron dos cepas de EGB, una autóctona (IH23) y la cepa de referencia O90R, que solo expresa el polisacárido específico de grupo. Para cada una se preparó un antisuero policlonal que se utilizó para el desarrollo de un test inmunocromatográfico y uno de aglutinación de látex. Como controles se emplearon cultivos bacterianos, polisacáridos purificados de EGB y muestras vaginorrectales. Resultados: los límites de detección obtenidos para la inmunocromatografía fueron de 210 μg/ml y 50 μg/ml para los polisacáridos purificados de sobrenadante y pared, respectivamente, no lográndose detectar antígenos de EGB en las muestras clínicas analizadas. El límite dedetección del látex fue 65 μg/ml frente al polisacárido purificado de sobrenadante de cultivo de IH23 y 6,5 x 107 UFC/ml de IH23. La sensibilidad y especificidad para el látex fue de 30% y90%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: los métodos desarrollados no alcanzaron el límite de detección requerido parasu aplicación en muestras clínicas. Esto concuerda con lo descripto en la bibliografía para ensayos rápidos basados en reacciones antígeno-anticuerpo y muestra la necesidad deagregar pasos previos de extracción y concentración o mejorar la calidad de los reactivos inmunológicos empleados.

Introduction: group B streptococcal infection (GBS) may seriously affect mother and fetuses during pregnancy, and the newborn after delivery. Today, diagnosis of colonization during pregnancy is done by means of microbiological methods of vaginal and rectal exudates. Objective: to develop fast and low cost methods to detect the GBS specific group antigen in vaginal-rectal exudates. Method: we used two EGB strains, one of the (IH23)autochthonous and the reference strain O90R, that only expresses the group specific polysaccharide. We prepareda polyclonal antiserum for each one of them which was used to conduct an immunochromatographic test and alatex agglutination test. We used bacterial culture, EGB purified polysaccharides and vagina,-rectal samples as control. Results: detection limits obtained for the immunochromatographic test were 210 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml for purifiedpolysaccharides and cell wall, respectively, there being no EGB antigens detected in the clinical samples analyzed. Latex detection limit was 65 μg/ml compared to purified polysaccharides of IH23 culture supernatant and 6,5 x 107 UFC/ml of IH23. Sensitivity and specificity for latex was 30% and 90% respectively.Conclusions: the methods used failed to reach the detection limit required for its application in our clinical samples. This agrees with what is described in bibliography about quick tests based on antigen-antibody reactions and indicated the need to add previous extractionand concentration steps or to improve the quality of the immunologic reagents used.

Introdução: a infecção por Estreptococo grupo B (EGB) pode afetar gravemente a mãe e o feto durante a gravidez e o recém nascido imediatamente depois do parto. Atualmente, o diagnóstico de colonização durante a gestação é feita por métodos microbiológicos empregando exsudados vaginorretais.Objetivo: desenvolver métodos rápidos de baixo custo para a detecção do antígeno grupo específico de EGB emexsudados vaginorretais. Material e método: foram utilizadas duas cepas deEGB, uma autóctone (IH23) e a cepa de referência O90R, que expressa somente o polissacarídeo específico do grupo.Para cada uma foi preparado um antisoro policlonal utilizado para o desenvolvimento de um teste imunocromatográfico e um de aglutinação de látex. Foram empregadoscultivos bacterianos, polissacarídeos purificados de EGB e amostras vaginorretais como controles. Resultados: os limites de detecção obtidos para a imunocromatografia foram de 210 μg/ml e 50 μg/ml para ospolissacarídeos purificados de sobrenadante e parede, respectivamente, no sendo possível detectar antígenos de EGB nas amostras clínicas analisadas. O limite dedetecção do látex foi 65 μg/ml quando comparado com o polissacarídeo purificado de sobrenadante de cultivo deIH23 y 6,5 x 107 UFC/ml de IH23. A sensibilidade e especificidade para o látex foi de 30% y 90%, respectivamente. Conclusões: os métodos desenvolvidos não alcançaramo limite de detecção requerido para sua aplicação em amostras clínicas. Estes resultados são similares aos dadosdescritos na bibliografia para ensaios rápidos baseados em reações antígeno-anticorpo e mostram a necessidade de agregar passos prévios de extração econcentração ou melhorar a qualidade dos reativos imunológicos utilizados.

Echinococcus granulosus: induction of T-independent antibody response against protoscolex glycoconjugates in early experimental infection.

In this work CD4-knockout mice were used as a model to analyse the role of CD4+ T cells in the antibody response against Echinococcus granulosus immunization or experimental infection. Results obtained with mice immunized with protoscolex antigens indicated that these contain T-independent antigens. After infection, CD4-knockout mice and C57Bl/6 mice showed similar titres of specific antibodies indicating that T-independent antibody production was quantitatively important in early infection. We have also identified an antigenic fraction from protoscoleces (E4+) which induces CD4 T cell independent antibody response in early stages of infection. In conclusion, the results presented here directly support the existence of T-independent immunogens in E. granulosus protoscoleces and suggest that T-independent antibody response may be quantitatively important in early infection.

Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis.

Human cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease) continues to be a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. Elimination is difficult to obtain and it is estimated that, using current control options, achieving such a goal will take around 20 years of sustained efforts. Since the introduction of current (and past) hydatid control campaigns, there have been clear technological improvements made in the diagnosis and treatment of human and animal cystic echinococcosis, the diagnosis of canine echinococcosis, and the genetic characterisation of strains and vaccination against Echinococcus granulosus in animals. Incorporation of these new measures could increase the efficiency of hydatid control programmes, potentially reducing the time required to achieve effective prevention of disease transmission to as little as 5-10 years.

Characterization and optimization of bovine Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid to be used in immunodiagnosis of hydatid disease by ELISA

The aim of this work was to assess the influence in the diagnostic value for human hydatid disease of the composition of bovine hydatid cyst fluid (BHCF) obtained from fertile (FC) and non-fertile cysts (NFC). Eight batches from FC and 5 from NFC were prepared and analysed with respect to chemical composition: total protein, host-derived protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents. No differences were observed in the first two parameters but carbohydrate and lipid contents were shown to be higher in batches from FC than in those from NFC. Bands of 38 and 116 kD in SDS-PAGE profiles were observed to be present in BHCF from FC only. Two pools were prepared from BHCF batches obtained from FC (PFC) and NFC (PNFC), respectively. Antigen recognition patterns were analysed by immunoblot. Physicochemical conditions for adsorption of antigens to the polystyrene surface (ELISA plates) were optimized. The diagnostic value of both types of BHCF as well as the diagnostic relevance of oxidation of their carbohydrate moieties with periodate were assessed by ELISA using 42 serum samples from hydatid patients, 41 from patients with other disorders, and 15 from healthy donors. Reactivity of all sera against native antigen were tested with and without free phosphorylcholine. The best diagnostic efficiency was observed using BHCF from periodate-treated PFC using glycine buffer with strong ionic strength to coat ELISA plates

IgG recognizing 21-24 kDa and 30-33 kDa tachyzoite antigens show maximum avidity maturation during natural and accidental human toxoplasmosis

We describe the avidity maturation of IgGs in human toxoplasmosis using sequential serum samples from accidental and natural infections. In accidental cases, avidity increased continuously throughout infection while naturally infected patients showed a different profile. Twenty-five percent of sera from chronic patients having specific IgM positive results could be appropriately classified using exclusively the avidity test data. To take advantage of the potentiality of this technique, antigens recognized by IgG showing steeper avidity maturation were identified using immunoblot with KSCN elution. Two clusters of antigens, in the ranges of 21-24 kDa and 30-33 kDa, were identified as the ones that fulfill the aforementioned avidity characteristics

La avides de IgG Anti-Toxoplasma Gondii en el diagnóstico de infeccion aguda / Annual Reports 1997 / Anti-Ttoxoplasma Gondii IgG avidity in the diagnosis of acute infeccion

En el Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia de la Salud hemos implementado la técnica desarroollada por Pullen (1986) que utiliza tiocianato de amonio con agente disociente para le detección de avidéz de IgG por el método de Elisa-Toxo IgG (I.I.C.S., Paraguay)-. Por lo tanto , hemos realizado este estudio con el objeto de determinar la avidéz de IgG anti T. gondii en una población de mujeres embarazadas, donde 20 muestras eran de pacientes en fase aguda y 130 de paciente en fase crónica, previamente diagnosticadas clinica y serológicamente. En la distribución de valores de índice de avidéz de IgG anti-T. gondii de encontró una medida del 1,09+-0,33 en pacientes agudos y 1,91+-0,18 en pacientes crónicos, siendo la diferencia entre ambos grupos estadisticamente significativa (p<0,05). Los indices de avidéz se mantuvieron bajos ( menor a 1,5 molar de tiocianato) por más de dos meses post infección, por lo tanto la baja avidéz de IgG no es método ideal para detectar una infección aguda, pero sin embargo la presencia de una alta avidéz confirma una infeción crónica o antigua, que podemos utilizar como apoyo al diagnóstico de toxoplasmosis en la mujer embarazada

Niveles de anticuerpos anti-toxoide tetanico (AATT) en trabajadores de la salud / Annual reports 1997 / Anti-Tetanic toxoide antiboy levels in health workers

En este estudio, se midieron los niveles de antitoxina tetánica en muestras de suero de 112 trabajadores de la salud del IICS (41 bioquímicos, 10 biólogos, 26 auxiliares de laboratorio, 7 médicos, 4 sicólogos, 1 veterinario y 23 personal administrativo). Veinte eran de sexo masculino y 92 de sexo femenino con una edad media de 34 años. Los anticuerpos fueron medidos por un método de ELISA y valores por encima de 10 mU/ml fueron considerados protectivos. Todos los participantes del estudio refirieron haber recibido alguna vez la vacuna antitetánica, de los cuales el 71 por ciento recibió su última vacunación 5 años antes, 12 por ciento más de 5 años y 16 por ciento no recordaba la fecha de su ultima vacunación. Considerando el motivo de la vacunación, el 40 por ciento fue vacunado en su último embarazo, 20 por ciento por heridas y 24 por ciento dentro de un programa de vacunación. Niveles protectivos de anticuerpos se observó en el 71 por ciento y los niveles más altos fueron observados en los profesionales asistenciales (92 por ciento) y los más bajos en los auxiliares de laboratorio (38 por ciento). El mayor porcentaje de los profesionales que no tuvieron niveles protectivos (80 por ciento) se había vacunado hacía más de 10 años, siendo éste la probable causa de la falta de respuesta a la vacuna. Otras causas podrían ser deficiencias en la conservación de la vacuna o deficiencias de la respuesta inmune de estas personas. Consideramos que la implementación de un programa de vacunación en profesionales de la salud y la consecuente evaluación de anticuerpos específicos a la vacuna es perentoria

Evolution of IgG antibody response against Toxoplasma gondii tissue cyst in acute and chronic human infections

O reconhecimento do perfil dos antigenos de cistos tissulares pelos anticorpos IgG foi estudado durante a infecçäo toxoplasmotica aguda e crônica. Assim a resposta de IgG contra Toxoplasma gondii foi investida pelo immunoblotting em dois pacientes acidentalmente infectados com a variedade RH bem como em grupos de pacientes naturalmente infectados nas fases aguda e crônica. Houve uma coincidencia global da massa molecular entre antigenos de taquizoitas e cistos tissulares reconhecidos por estes soros, todavia, eles parecem näo ser as mesmas moleculas. A resposta contra cistos tissulares começa precocemente durante a infecçäo aguda e a reatividade de anticorpos e forte contra ampla variedade de antigenos. Seis faixas (entre 82 e 151 kDA) foram reconhecidas exclusivamente pelos soros das fases agudas e crônicas foram 4 grupos com intervalos de 20-24 kDa, 34-39 kDa, 58-80 kDa e 105-130 kDa. Ambos pacientes infectados acidentalmente e alguns dos pacientes naturalmente infectados mostraram fraca resposta especifica contra os antigenos de cistos tissulares

TC45, un antígeno inmunogenéticamente definido de trypanosoma cruzi: estrategias cromatográficas para su purificación / TC45, an inmunogenetically defined trypanosoma cruzi antigen: chromatographic strategies for its purification

Se describen tres protocolos para la purificación, mediante cromatografía de alta presión (FPLC), de Tc45, un antígeno inmunogenéticamente definido de T. cruzi. Dos protocolos implicaron separaciones por tamaño molecular y uno por intercambio iónico. La presencia de Tc45 en las fracciones obtenidas fue monitoreada con sueros anti T. cruzi generados en dos cepas congénitas de ratones (A.SW/A.CA) y en conejos. Aunque en las tres cromatografías se lograron grados importantes de purificación, el intercambio iónico dio los mejores resultados, al entregar una fracción que presentó una sola banda en inmunoelectrotransferencia, monitoreada con un suero de conejo poliespecífico. La metodología descrita tiene potencial para ser escalada y generar cantidades adecuadas de Tc45 para ser usado en ensayos de protección activa, secuenciación y obtención de anticuerpos monoclonales