Longevity and the association with cattle health in Dutch dairy farms.

Longevity of a herd is defined as the average age of all cattle over two years old at the moment of death (either natural, by euthanasia or by slaughter), and is increasing since 2018. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between longevity and cattle health indicators in Dutch dairy herds. Anonymized census data were available for 16,200 Dutch dairy herds (∼98 % of the dairy herds) between 2016 and 2020. All herds were categorized into one of six longevity groups: herds with a high longevity (>seven years old), increasing longevity (mean increase of one year and two months between 2017 and 2020), median longevity (∼five years and eight months, without major fluctuations in longevity), decreasing longevity (mean decrease eight months), low longevity (

Evaluation of the association between the introduction of data-driven tools to support calf rearing and reduced calf mortality in dairy herds in the Netherlands.

Between 2009 and 2017, calf mortality in the Dutch dairy sector showed a slight but steady increase. The Dutch dairy industry decided to act and supported the development of several data-driven tools that were implemented from 2018 on. The tools informed farmers about their calf mortality rates and stimulated them to improve. The Trend Analysis Surveillance Component of the Dutch cattle Health Surveillance System provided the possibility to evaluate the calf mortality in Dutch dairy herds before and after implementation of these tools. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between calf mortality and i) all actions that were taken by the Dutch dairy industry to improve the quality of calf rearing and ii) other potential management or environmental factors associated with calf mortality in Dutch dairy herds. Census data from approximately 98 % of all Dutch dairy herds were available from July 2014 until June 2019. Four different calf mortality indicators were defined: perinatal calf mortality risk (i.e., mortality before, during, or shortly after the moment of birth up to the moment of ear-tagging), postnatal calf mortality risk (ear-tagging till 14 d), preweaned calf mortality rate (15 d-55 d) and weaned calf mortality rate (56 d-1 yr.). All data were aggregated to herd and monthly level and were analysed using Population-Averaged Generalized Estimating Equations (PA GEE models) with a Poisson distribution and log link function. When the period before implementation of the tools (2016-2017) was compared to the period thereafter (2018-2019), all four calf mortality indicators decreased. The relative decrease varied from 3 % (postnatal calves) and 10 % (perinatal calves) up to 18 % and 30 % in preweaned and weaned calves, respectively. Registrations of veterinary treatments such as antimicrobial use, vaccinations (calf or cow) and antiparasitic treatments were associated with calf mortality. Additionally, herds with a higher level of metabolic problems in transition cows had a higher calf mortality and also extreme outside temperatures were associated with higher calf mortality. Given that the different tools were implemented nation-wide and a control group was lacking, we could not prove that implementing the different tools caused the reduction in calf mortality. We do however, believe that all the actions and communication towards improvement of calf rearing in dairy herds led to an increased awareness among farmers towards the importance of calf rearing management and therefore a reduction in calf mortality on national level.