Penghasilan Dan Penerimaan Minuman Sukan Isotonik Berkos Rendah Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Universiti / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Sports drinks consist of water, carbohydrates, and electrolytes specially formulated for athletes or individuals in need. However, coaches from the National Coaching Academy division experience budget constraints to obtain commercial sports drinks on a large scale to meet the needs of all athletes. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted to produce a low-cost isotonic sports drink (Rose Lemonade) with white sugar and brown sugar and evaluate its acceptance among university students through sensory evaluation. This study involved 50 panels with 25 students from UKM (nonathletes) and 25 students from UM (athletes). The overall acceptance of brown sugar Rose Lemonade has an average score of 3.52 ± 0.97 compared to white sugar Rose Lemonade, which is 3.50 ± 1.07. The data analysis showed a nonsignificant difference in the Kruskal Wallis test (p>0.05) for the overall acceptance of both types of sports drinks. In conclusion, this study showed that both white sugar and brown sugar Rose Lemonade isotonic sports drink formulations were acceptable to the panels. The findings of this study provide the formulation of cheap, and easy-making sports drinks. A suggestion for future research is to test the effectiveness of energy supply and electrolytes replacement and shelf life of this sports drink and produce a variety of flavors to meet individual tastes.

Triple burden of malnutrition among Malaysian children aged 6 months to 12 years: Current findings from SEANUTS II Malaysia.

OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to report South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS) II Malaysia data on nutritional status, dietary intake, and nutritional biomarkers of children aged 6 months to 12 years. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey conducted in 2019-2020. SETTING: Multistage cluster sampling conducted in Central, Northern, Southern, and East Coast regions of Peninsular Malaysia. PARTICIPANTS: 2989 children aged 0.5-12.9 years. RESULTS: Prevalences of stunting, thinness, overweight, and obesity among children aged 0.5-12.9 years were 8.9%, 6.7%, 9.2%, and 8.8%, respectively. Among children below 5 years old, 11.4% were underweight, 13.8% had stunting, and 6.2% wasting. Data on nutritional biomarkers showed a small proportion of children aged 4-12 years had iron (2.9%) and vitamin A deficiencies (3.1%). Prevalence of anaemia was distinctly different between children below 4 years old (40.3%) and those aged 4 years and above (3.0%). One-fourth of children (25.1%) had vitamin D insufficiency, which was twice as prevalent in girls (35.2% vs. boys: 15.6%). The majority of children did not meet the recommended dietary intake for calcium (79.4%) and vitamin D (94.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Data from SEANUTS II Malaysia confirmed that triple burden of malnutrition co-exists among children in Peninsular Malaysia, with higher prevalence of overnutrition than undernutrition. Anaemia is highly prevalent among children below 4 years old, while vitamin D insufficiency is more prevalent among girls. Low intakes of dietary calcium and vitamin D are also of concern. These findings provide policymakers with useful and evidence-based data to formulate strategies that address the nutritional issues of Malaysian children.

Does an Asian-based Diet Sufficient to Meet the Nutritional Demands of Endurance Athletes?: A Cross-sectional Study

@#Introduction: Limited studies have examined the dietary intake pattern of Malaysian endurance athletes. Differences in the types of foods consumed between Malaysian and Western population leads to varying nutritional intake values. This study aimed to characterise the dietary intake of Malaysian endurance athletes as compared to sports nutrition recommendations, and to determine the associations between participants’ backgrounds and macronutrients intake status. Methods: A total of 85 endurance-trained Malaysian athletes participated in a cross-sectional study. Dietary intake for three days throughout the training season was evaluated using 24-hour dietary recall. The macronutrients and micronutrients intakes were compared to the nutritional recommendation for athletes and the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI), respectively. The food serving size was compared to the Malaysian Food Pyramid 2020. Results: Of all participants, 51% met the minimum recommendations for carbohydrate (CHO) intake (6g/ kg/day). For protein intake, 88% of participants had surpassed the lower limit of 1.2g/kg/day. The lower limit of fat intake (20% of total daily energy intake) was met by 99% of the participants. Most of the participants had a suboptimal intake of calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin E, while all had inadequate vitamin D intake. The athletes’ institution was significantly associated with the CHO intake status. Also, the athletes’ institution and the highest education level were significantly associated with the protein intake status. Conclusion: Athletes who practised Asian-based diets were able to achieve the energy, protein, and fat intake recommendations. However, there was a suboptimal intake of the CHO and micronutrients as compared to the recommendations.

Development and Validation of Culinary Nutrition Questionnaire to Assess Chefs’ Culinary Nutrition Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP)

@#Introduction: Culinary nutrition is a science that aims to apply nutritional concepts into culinary art to serve healthier foods. This study aimed to develop and validate a newly developed culinary nutrition questionnaire to assess chefs’ culinary nutrition knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP). Methods: The KAP questionnaire was developed to be consistent with the Malaysian Dietary Guideline (2010) and Malaysian ingredients. It consisted of 31 items and tested its content validity among four experts using Content Validity Index (CVI), followed by back-to-back-translation process. Finally, 180 chefs answered the questionnaire followed by statistical analysis to evaluate the construct validity using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and reliability using Cronbach alpha. Results: One item was deleted after content validity and four items were omitted after testing the construct validity because their lower factor loading value. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was derived from (EFA) for knowledge section is 0.631 with total variance 34.7%, attitude is 0.665 with total variance 53.1%, and practice section is 0.841 with total variance 54.6%. The total Cronbach alpha value was 0.712. The Cronbach alpha value for knowledge, attitude, and practice domains were 0.77, 0.73, and 0.88 respectively. Conclusion: The final draft of the questionnaire consisted of 26 items. The questionnaire is valid and reliable. This questionnaire is suitable to be used to assess chefs’ culinary nutrition knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP).

Prevalence of Anaemia and Iron Deficiency among Primary Schoolchildren in Malaysia.

The present study aimed to report the prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency (ID) and to explore the associations among socio-demographic characteristics, nutritional status and inflammation status in the occurrence of anaemia and ID in a nationally representative sample of Malaysian primary schoolchildren. Using data from the South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS), 544 Malaysian children aged 7 to 12 years were included in this secondary analysis. Blood samples were drawn for haemoglobin and serum ferritin analysis while C-reactive protein (CRP) and α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were measured to detect inflammation. Prevalence of anaemia and ID were 4.0% and 5.2%, respectively. There were significantly more anaemic indigenous bumiputra children (9.9%) than Chinese children (0.6%). Correction for inflammation did not change the prevalence of ID. More overweight/obese children than thin/normal weight children were found to have elevated acute phase protein (APP). Children with elevated inflammatory markers had significantly higher ferritin level than children without inflammation. Periodic health assessments of anaemia and ID at the population level to monitor and clarify the epidemiology of health problems are required to inform public health policies and strategies.

Juara Sihat™: Study Design Of A School-Based Childhood Obesity Nutrition Education Programme In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

The global prevalence of overweight and obesity among children has increased rapidly in the recent decades, includingin Malaysia. Thus, development of effective interventions to prevent childhood obesity in Malaysia is urgently needed.This paper describes the study design of a 12-week multi-component, school-based nutrition education programme aimedat managing childhood obesity. The objective of Juara Sihat™ is to determine the effectiveness of a nutrition educationprogramme in improving anthropometric status, knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of nutrition, eating habits andphysical activity level among overweight and obese children. This quasi-experimental study involves two primary schoolsin Kuala Lumpur with similar demographic characteristics. Eligibility criteria of research participants are overweightand obese children aged 9 to 11 years. The main components of the Juara Sihat™ intervention are nutrition educationclasses on healthy eating and active lifestyle; physical activity sessions; and active involvements of parents and teachers.The control school does not receive any interventions. The primary outcome is BMI-for-age z-score, while other outcomesinclude waist circumference, body fat percentage, KAP of nutrition score, dietary intake, physical activity level, sedentarybehaviour and biochemical profile. Outcome measures will be assessed at three intervals: baseline, post-intervention 1(3-month follow-up), and post-intervention 2 (6-month follow-up). The Juara Sihat™ programme represents a promisingapproach to examining the effectiveness of a school-based childhood obesity intervention with strong empowerment ofParents’ and Teachers’ Association (PTA). We anticipate that this study may provide insights towards the development ofmore effective strategies in formulating childhood obesity interventions.

Sugar intake and metabolic syndrome among older adults in Peninsular Malaysia

@#Introduction: Sugar is widely consumed and excessive intake has been associated with increased risk of weight gain, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, leading to metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). However, the association between sugar intake and MetSyn has seldom been studied among multi-ethnic Malaysian older adults. Methods: A total of 1,057 respondents aged ≥60 years were recruited through multistage random sampling from selected states. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, blood test for sugar and lipid profile were determined. Dietary intake was derived using a 7-day dietary history questionnaire (DHQ) and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for added sugar intake. Results: Prevalence of MetSyn was 39.9%, 30.9% and 42.2% using the harmonised definition, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) definitions respectively. Mean total sugar intake was 40.5±32.0 g (8 tsp) and added sugar intake was 33.0±31.0 g (6 tsp). Excessive added sugar consumption at 100th percentile increased risks of high total cholesterol by two-fold (p<0.001) and triglyceride by 1.8 fold (p<0.001). Total sugar intake at 50th percentile increased risk of high blood pressure by 0.68 fold (p<0.05) and total sugar intake at 50th, 75th and 100th percentile increased total cholesterol risk by 1.7 fold (p<0.01), 1.5 fold (p<0.05) and 2.3 fold (p<0.001) respectively. Conclusion: Excessive sugar consumption among older adults showed no association with MetSyn but revealed significant associations with blood pressure and lipid profiles. Effects of long term excessive consumption of sugar on health outcomes in older persons should be investigated.

Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children aged 6 months to 12 years: findings of the Nutrition Survey of Malaysian Children (SEANUTS Malaysia).

The dual burden of malnutrition reportedly coexists in Malaysia; however, existing data are scarce and do not adequately represent the nutritional status of Malaysian children. The Nutrition Survey of Malaysian Children was carried out with the aim of assessing the nutritional status in a sample of nationally representative population of children aged 6 months to 12 years. A total of 3542 children were recruited using a stratified random sampling method. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, and waist and hip circumferences. Blood biochemical assessment involved analyses of Hb, serum ferritin, and vitamins A and D. Dietary intake was assessed using semi-quantitative FFQ, and nutrient intakes were compared with the Malaysian Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI). The prevalence of overweight (9·8%) and obesity (11·8%) was higher than that of thinness (5·4%) and stunting (8·4%). Only a small proportion of children had low levels of Hb (6·6%), serum ferritin (4·4%) and vitamin A (4·4%), but almost half the children (47·5%) had vitamin D insufficiency. Dietary intake of the children was not compatible with the recommendations, where more than one-third did not achieve the Malaysian RNI for energy, Ca and vitamin D. The present study revealed that overnutrition was more prevalent than undernutrition. The presence of high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and the inadequate intake of Ca and vitamin D are of concern. Hence, strategies for improving the nutritional status of Malaysian children need to consider both sides of malnutrition and also put emphasis on approaches for the prevention of overweight and obesity as well as vitamin D insufficiency.

Determination of Macronutrient Compositions in Three Local Sweet Kuih: Calculated vs Analysed / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

This study was carried out to compare the macronutrient contents in three types of local sweet kuih; kuih seri muka (SM), kuih bakar (B) dan kuih wajik (W) which recipes were developed using calculation according to the Malaysian Food Composition Table (MFCT) and proximate analysis technique. The contents of the macronutrients were identified using proximate analyses while determination of energy and total carbohydrate were based on calculation. Results from proximate analysis showed that W contained significantly higher (p < 0.05) total carbohydrate content (61.5 ± 1.6%) compared to B (39.3 ± 1.5%) and SM (38.7 ± 1.5%). SM contained significantly higher (p < 0.05) of water (46.7 ± 1.6%) compared to B (42.5 ± 6.6%) and W (30.2 ± 0.4%). The protein content in B was 6.1 ± 0.9% and significantly higher than that in W (3.0 ± 0.3%). There were no significant difference of fat content between B (12.8 ± 1.8%), SM (9.9 ± 0.2%) and W (8.2 ± 2.6%). Total calorie for W was the highest (332 kcal/100g), followed by B (299 kcal/100g) and SM (262 kcal/100g). In general, macronutrients content determined based on proximate analyses were lower compared to the calculation method based on MFCT. This was because calculation of macronutrient based on MFCT was based on raw material while the proximate analysis was based on the prepared cooked kuih

Predicting basal metabolic rates in Malaysian adult elite athletes.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to measure the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of elite athletes and develop a gender specific predictive equation to estimate their energy requirements. METHODS: 92 men and 33 women (aged 18-31 years) from 15 sports, who had been training six hours daily for at least one year, were included in the study. Body composition was measured using the bioimpedance technique, and BMR by indirect calorimetry. The differences between measured and estimated BMR using various predictive equations were calculated. The novel equation derived from stepwise multiple regression was evaluated using Bland and Altman analysis. RESULTS: The predictive equations of Cunningham and the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University either over- or underestimated the measured BMR by up to ± 6%, while the equations of Ismail et al, developed from the local non-athletic population, underestimated the measured BMR by 14%. The novel predictive equation for the BMR of athletes was BMR (kcal/day) = 669 + 13 (weight in kg) + 192 (gender: 1 for men and 0 for women) (R2 0.548; standard error of estimates 163 kcal). Predicted BMRs of elite athletes by this equation were within 1.2% ± 9.5% of the measured BMR values. CONCLUSION: The novel predictive equation presented in this study can be used to calculate BMR for adult Malaysian elite athletes. Further studies may be required to validate its predictive capabilities for other sports, nationalities and age groups.

Nutritional status among pediatric cancer patients: a comparison between hematological malignancies and solid tumors.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the nutritional status of pediatric patients with hematological malignancies and solid tumors. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 74 pediatric cancer patients were assessed for anthropometric status, biochemical profiles, and dietary intake. RESULTS: The prevalence of undernutrition was higher among patients with solid tumors as reflected in their lower dietary intakes of energy and nutrients compared with patients with hematological malignancies. PRACTICE IMPLICATION: Adequate dietary intake is important for pediatric cancer patients, but nurses need to pay more attention to the diets of patients with solid tumors as compared with those with hematological malignancies.

Nutrition Knowledge Among Malaysian Elderly / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

This paper reports the nutrition knowledge of Malaysian elderly, as part of a nationwide study to evaluate the status of nutrition knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of food and nutrition among various communities in Malaysia. A total of 906 elderly, age ranging between 60 to 96 years old, with mean age 67.4 ± 6.7 years representing all states in Malaysia participated in the study. An interview administered questionnaire was used to assess the nutrition knowledge and to collect demographic data of the elderly. Subjects were in the 60-65 years (51%) and more than 65 years (49%) age category. There were 46% Malays, 32% Chinese, 6% Indians while the remaining 16% comprised of other minority groups in Malaysia such as Iban, Kadazan, Melanau, Orang Asli and others. More than half of the elderly (54%) had no formal education, 36% completed primary schooling and only 9% finished secondary education. Overall 73% elderly were categorized as having poor nutrition knowledge, 18% moderate and only 9% good. The minority groups had the highest percentage of poor nutrition knowledge (91%) while the Chinese had the highest percentage of good nutrition knowledge (11%). More female (78%) than male (67%) had poor nutrition knowledge, in contrast to more male (10%) than female (8%) with good nutrition knowledge. Chi square test showed that there was a significant correlation between educational status and nutrition knowledge. This was reflected in the results which showed that 81% elderly with no formal education were categorized in the poor nutrition knowledge group. Majority of the elderly did not know about foods to be consumed most (88%), or to be eaten least (87%). Only a quarter to a third of the elderly responded correctly to questions on nutrient function and content. The question on foods with high salt was well responded by the elderly (65%). It is quite discouraging to show that a majority of Malaysian elderly had poor nutrition knowledge. This study indicated that appropriate nutrition education interventions need to be implemented to improve the shortcomings of nutrition knowledge among the Malaysian elderly.