A characterization of content, composition and scavenging capacity of phenolic compounds in parsnip roots of various weight.

The contents, composition and radical scavenging capacity of phenolic compounds from parsnips of various root weights grown in Serbia were examined. The content of phenolic compounds depended on root size, and the highest content was in the group where the samples with the lowest root size were grouped. The content of phenolic compounds varied from 109.7 to 125.3 micromol of chlorogenic acid per g dry extract, i.e.5470.8 to 6245.1 mg per kg fresh weight. Among the identified compounds were quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin and genkwanin glucosides and hydroxycinnamic and caffeoylshikimic acids. The highest antioxidant capacity was found for the group with the lowest root weight; the IC50 values ranged from 1.59 to 2.49 mg mL(-1). There was positive correlation between the total phenolic content and scavenging capacity, and the kaempferol glucosides content could be an indicator of DPPH scavenging capacity of parsnip roots.

Liquid-liquid systems for acid hydrolysis of glycoalkaloids from Solanum tuberosum L. tuber sprouts and solanidine extraction.

BACKGROUND: Potato sprouts (Solanum tuberosum L.) contain steroidal glycoalkaloids containing solanidine, an important precursor for hormone synthesis. Glycoalkaloids are reported to inactivate the Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster and Herpes genitalis viruses in humans, while Aglyones, including solasodine, may protect against skin cancer. Extracts of glycoalkaloids or solanidine can be used to obtain a potential skin cancer preparation for clinical research. MATERIAL/METHODS: Dried potato sprouts were used to obtain glycoalkaloids and solanidine. The hydrolysis of glycoalkaloids in a liquid-liquid system was performed using a reflux condenser, obtaining extracts of glycolakaloids from dried and milled potato tuber sprouts. Hydrochloric acid was then added to the extract to form the first (aqueous) phase, and chloroform, trichloroethylene or carbon tetrachloride to form the second (organic) phase of the liquid-liquid system. In this way, glycoalkaloid hydrolysis to solanidine and solanidine extraction in the organic liquid phase were combined into a single step. IR and GC/MS analysis of solanidine was also conducted. RESULTS: Based on the results we obtained, the optimal liquid-liquid system was found to be 2% w/v hydrochloric acid in a 50% (volume) methanolic extract of glycoalkaloids from tuber sprouts, as the first phase, and chloroform as the second phase. Using this system, a yield of 1.46 g solanidine per 100 g of dried potato sprouts can be achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Glycoalkaloid hydrolysis in a liquid-liquid system yields the aglycone solanidine can be obtained from dried potato sprouts. The yield of solanidine is higher than that obtained using solid-liquid-liquid systems for glycoalkaloid hydrolysis from potato vines.

Solanidine hydrolytic extraction and separation from the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) vines by using solid-liquid-liquid systems.

Solanidine is a steroidal aglycon of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) glycoalkaloids and a very important precursor for the synthesis of hormones and some pharmacologically active compounds. Glycoalkaloids are hydrolyzed by mineral acid, yielding solanidine. This paper deals with the kinetics of solanidine hydrolytic extraction in different solid-liquid-liquid systems. The dried and milled potato (S. tuberosum L.) vines were used as a source of glycoalkaloids and as the solid phase. The solutions of hydrochloric acid in 2 and 10% (w/v) aqueous acetic acid, in 50% (volume) aqueous methanol, and in 50% (volume) aqueous ethanol were first liquid phase, and the medium for glycoalkaloid extraction from potato vines and their hydrolysis to solanidine. The chloroform, trichloroethylene, or carbon tetrachloride were the second, organic, liquid phase and the medium for solanidine extraction. This procedure combines three different processes: extraction of glycoalkaloids from potato vines, their hydrolysis to solanidine, and the extraction of solanidine, in a single step. The term hydrolytic extraction of solanidine was used for these processes. The purpose of the paper was to choose an optimal solid-liquid-liquid system for solanidine extraction and to define the procedure for its isolation from the organic liquid phase. The best degree of solanidine hydrolytic extraction (DHE) of more than 98% was achieved when 10% (w/v) hydrochloric acid in 50% (volume) methanol were the first liquid phase and chloroform was the second liquid phase, after 90 min. The yield of solanidine (q(S)) under these conditions is calculated to be 0.24 g/100 g of potato vines. Approximately 78% of the maximal possible yield of solanidine was isolated from chlorofom liquid phase. The IR and MS spectra of isolated solanidine were recorded.