Violence, alcohol, and completed suicide: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: Violent behavior may represent a risk factor for suicide. The authors tested the hypothesis that violent behavior in the last year of life is associated with completed suicide, even after controlling for alcohol use disorders. METHOD: The authors analyzed data from the 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey, a nationally representative survey conducted by telephone interview with decedents' next of kin. Data on 753 victims of suicide were compared with data on 2,115 accident victims. Decedents ranged in age from 20 to 64. Dichotomous measures of violent behavior in the past year and history of alcohol misuse were derived by using the four-item CAGE questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the interactions of violent behavior with alcohol misuse, gender, and age, respectively, in predicting suicide versus accidental death. Education and race were included as covariates. RESULTS: Violent behavior in the last year of life was a significant predictor of suicide; the relationship was especially strong in individuals with no history of alcohol misuse, those who were younger, and women. CONCLUSIONS: Violent behavior distinguished suicide victims from accident victims, and this finding is not attributable to alcohol use disorders alone. Given that violent behavior increases the risk of suicide, violence prevention initiatives may serve to decrease the risk of suicide as well.

The effect of participation in religious activities on suicide versus natural death in adults 50 and older.

This study tests the hypothesis that older persons dying by suicide, compared with natural death, are less likely to have participated in religious activities. Data from the 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey were used to compare the frequency of participation in religious activities of 584 suicides to those of 4279 natural deaths occurring among women and men ages 50 and older. Adjusting for sex, race, marital status, age, and frequency of social contact, the odds for having never participated in religious activities are greater among suicide victims, compared with natural deaths. Participation in religious activities does appear to reduce the odds of the occurrence of suicide. This effect remains even after controlling for the frequency of social contact. The identification of specific factors contributing to this intrinsic benefit of religious participation requires further investigation.

Protective factors for suicidal black females.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent to which a model of social support may help explain the low suicide rate of Black females. The data are taken from the National Institute of Mental Health's Epidemiological Catchment Area Study 1980-1985 (United States). The LISREL model examines the direct and indirect effects of the background characteristics on attempted suicide as mediated by emotional state. Results indicate evidence that for Black and White males and females, finding emotional and psychological support in friends and family members helps to safeguard against suicide. The most substantial finding is that for all all race/sex categories, seeking support from friendship and familial resources is negatively related to attempted suicide, whereas seeking support from professional resources is associated with an increase in the likelihood of a suicide attempt. This increased likelihood of attempted suicide may be reflecting populations members' resistance to seeking professional help until their emotional state has severely deteriorated.