A comprehensive review on bio-stimulation and bio-enhancement towards remediation of heavy metals degeneration.

Pollution of heavy metals is one of the risky contaminations that should be managed for all intents and purposes of general well-being concerns. The bioaccumulation of these heavy metals inside our bodies and pecking orders will influence our people in the future. Bioremediation is a bio-mechanism where residing organic entities use and reuse the squanders that are reused to one more form. This could be accomplished by taking advantage of the property of explicit biomolecules or biomass that is equipped for restricting by concentrating the necessary heavy metal particles. The microorganisms can't obliterate the metal yet can change it into a less harmful substance. In this unique circumstance, this review talks about the sources, poisonousness, impacts, and bioremediation strategies of five heavy metals: lead, mercury, arsenic, chromium, and manganese. The concentrations here are the ordinary strategies for bioremediation such as biosorption methods, the use of microbes, green growth, and organisms, etc. This review demonstrates the toxicity of heavy metal contamination degradation by biotransformation through bacterioremediation and biodegradation through mycoremediation.

Root caries: the intersection between periodontal disease and dental caries in the course of ageing.

Caries and periodontitis are the primary non-communicable oral diseases among elderly individuals. The burden of the disease increases with ageing, particularly as the elderly are tending to retain more teeth due to improvement of oral health measures and increased life expectancy. Root caries represents itself as an overlapping pathology, but not necessarily a summation of the two diseases. This narrative commentary discusses the cross-boundary nature of root caries, a periodontal-cariological condition, taking into account the multi-morbidities of ageing. The evidence includes epidemiological and pathophysiological features of root caries, and specific influencing factors of ageing, such as xerostomia, polypharmacy, functional and cognitive impairment and oral ecological alterations. Active or previous history of periodontal disease poses a risk for root caries, whereas the systemic co-morbidities of ageing may also increase the susceptibility to this pathology. It is plausible that root caries is the net outcome of coexisting risk for these conditions. There exists no standardised system for risk assessment and diagnosis that takes into account the interactive effect of caries, periodontitis and the constellation of age-specific influencing factors. As restorative treatment is challenging, cost-effective prevention and diagnosis methods are needed for vulnerable elderly populations. These may include improved clinical registration methods and establishment of individualised prevention and treatment protocols.