Gm and Km alleles in two Spanish Pyrenean populations (Andorra and Pallars Sobirà): a review of Gm variation in the Western Mediterranean basin.

Two Spanish eastern Pyrenean populations, Andorra and Pallars Sobirà, have been tested for G1m(1,2,3,17), G2m(23), G3m(5,6,10,11,13,14,15,16,21,24,28) and Km(1) immunoglobulin allotypes. Km allele and Gm haplotype frequencies in both samples fit well into the Western Mediterranean and, more strictly, Pyrenean ranges with some peculiarities: Andorra showed an elevated frequency (14.7%) of the typical Asian and European Gm21,28;1,2,17;. haplotype, while Pallars Sobirà was characterized by high values (3.7%) of Gm5*;1,17;., a typical sub-Saharan Gm haplotype. Gm diversity assessed through genetic distance and variance analyses revealed a significant geographic partition (4.3%) of Mediterraneans among south, north-east, and north-west groups. It is interesting to note the relatively low genetic variance (2.1%) found between south and north-western Mediterraneans that could reflect ancient population relationships. More locally, genetic boundaries and diversity analyses failed to indicate any geographic pattern and/or genetic differentiation related with the political border in the Pyrenees. The present pattern of variation in this area is probably the result of genetic isolation processes, in addition to some specific demographic phenomena, in the Pyrenean valleys.

GM and KM immunoglobulin allotypes in a Spanish Pyrenean population: Val d'Aran.

Four hundred and thirteen unrelated individuals (202 autochthonous and 211 non-autochthonous) of Val d'Aran (Catalan Pyrenees) have been analysed for the GM and KM immunoglobulin genetic system using the inhibition haemagglutination method. This population was defined by eight GM haplotypes (GM*3 23 5*, GM*3 5*, GM*1,17 21,28, GM*1,2,17 21,28, GM*1,17 5*, GM*1,17 5,6,11,24, GM*1,17 10,11,13,15 and GM*1,17 10,11,13,15,16) inferred from the 17 observed phenotypes. The Val d'Aran population frequencies conform to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The frequencies of phenotypes and haplotypes show a definite homogeneity between the autochthonous and non-autochthonous people of Val d'Aran and 11 other Pyrenean populations (Mauléon, Macaye, St. Jean Pied de Port, Vallée de L'Ouzom, Gavarnie, Barèges, Luz St. Sauveur, Esparros, Camurac, Capcir and Pays de Sault) that have already been studied for the same allotypes. A factorial correspondence analysis was performed for the 12 autochthonous Pyrenean populations, showing a high frequency of the GM*3 23 5* haplotype in the three Pyrenean regions (Western, Central and Eastern), while the GM*1,17 21,28 haplotype is mainly found in the Central region, GM*3 5* in the Eastern and Western zones, and the GM*1,2,17 21,28 is mainly present in the Central and Eastern populations. The results show a relative regional homogeneity, so there is no evidence of a frequency gradient in the Pyrenean populations for the GM and KM genetic systems. It may, however, be noticed that the Central Pyrenean populations form a group, with one population (Vallée de l'Ouzom) isolated from the rest, probably because of its particular model of inheritance by which the heritage is passed to the first born without sex consideration. It has been possible to point out some differences in the genetic structure of the autochthonous and non-autochthonous Val d'Aran population and to place the autochthonous Aranese group among its Pyrenean neighbours.

Comparación de dos métodos de valoración de la ingesta de alimentos y nutrientes: recordatorio de 24 horas y custionario de frecuencia semicuantitativo / To compare two dietary methods: a 24-hour recall and a semiquantitative food frecuency questionnaire

Fundamentos: Los métodos de valoración individual de la ingesta dietética incluyen distintos procedimientos con diferentes modos de estimar la ingesta tanto de alimentos como de energía y nutrientes. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido comparar dos métodos de valoración de la ingesta dietética extensamente utilizados en epidemiología nutricional; el recordatorio de 24 horas y el cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos semicuantitativo. Métodos: Se entrevistó a una muestar aleatoria de 155 personas del Valle de Arán (Lérida), en la que se obtuvo la información sobre ingesta nutricional mediante ambos cuestionarios. Resultados: Antes del ajuste por la ingesta de energía, el cuestionario de frecuencia sobreestimaba la ingesta de todos los nutrientes excepto del colesterol. Después de dicho ajuste, las estimaciones de los dos métodos fueron muy parecidos. Cuando se comparó el porcentaje de energía procedente de las proteínas, lípidos, hidratos de carbono y la relación de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados/monoinsaturados los resultados también fueron casi iguales. Los coeficientes de correlación entre ambos cuestionarios oscilaban entre 0,81 y 0,23. Los nutrientes que presentaron mayor correlación cruda entre ambos cuestionarios fueron el alcohol, la energía, los hidratos de carbono, el sodio y el yodo (R ò 0,7) mientras que las vitaminas C, B1, B6, B12 y A, niacina, ácido fólico, hierro, fósforo y potasio presentaban la menor correlación (R ó 0,5). Las correlaciones de los nutrientes ajustados por la ingesta energética fueron muy diferentes a las no ajustadas, en especial para los lípidos, ácidos grasos monoinsaturados, hidratos de carbono, fibra, colesterol, cinc y sodio, para los que se obtuvo un menor coeficiente de correlación después del ajuste; y las vitaminas B2, B6, C, D y el potasio, para los que se encontró un coeficiente superior después de ajustar por la ingesta energética. Conclusiones: Si bien los dos métodos de valoración de la ingesta de alimentos y nutrientes tienden a estimar consumos parecidos cuando se expresan ajustados por la ingesta calórica, el cuestionario de frecuencia tiende a subreestimar la ingesta total (AU)

Comparación de dos métodos de valoración de la ingesta de alimentos y nutrientes: recordatorio de 24 horas y custionario de frecuencia semicuantitativo / To compare two dietary methods: a 24-hour recall and a semiquantitative food frecuency questionnaire

Fundamentos: Los métodos de valoración individual de la ingesta dietética incluyen distintos procedimientos con diferentes modos de estimar la ingesta tanto de alimentos como de energía y nutrientes. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido comparar dos métodos de valoración de la ingesta dietética extensamente utilizados en epidemiología nutricional; el recordatorio de 24 horas y el cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos semicuantitativo. Métodos: Se entrevistó a una muestar aleatoria de 155 personas del Valle de Arán (Lérida), en la que se obtuvo la información sobre ingesta nutricional mediante ambos cuestionarios. Resultados: Antes del ajuste por la ingesta de energía, el cuestionario de frecuencia sobreestimaba la ingesta de todos los nutrientes excepto del colesterol. Después de dicho ajuste, las estimaciones de los dos métodos fueron muy parecidos. Cuando se comparó el porcentaje de energía procedente de las proteínas, lípidos, hidratos de carbono y la relación de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados/monoinsaturados los resultados también fueron casi iguales. Los coeficientes de correlación entre ambos cuestionarios oscilaban entre 0,81 y 0,23. Los nutrientes que presentaron mayor correlación cruda entre ambos cuestionarios fueron el alcohol, la energía, los hidratos de carbono, el sodio y el yodo (R ò 0,7) mientras que las vitaminas C, B1, B6, B12 y A, niacina, ácido fólico, hierro, fósforo y potasio presentaban la menor correlación (R ó 0,5). Las correlaciones de los nutrientes ajustados por la ingesta energética fueron muy diferentes a las no ajustadas, en especial para los lípidos, ácidos grasos monoinsaturados, hidratos de carbono, fibra, colesterol, cinc y sodio, para los que se obtuvo un menor coeficiente de correlación después del ajuste; y las vitaminas B2, B6, C, D y el potasio, para los que se encontró un coeficiente superior después de ajustar por la ingesta energética. Conclusiones: Si bien los dos métodos de valoración de la ingesta de alimentos y nutrientes tienden a estimar consumos parecidos cuando se expresan ajustados por la ingesta calórica, el cuestionario de frecuencia tiende a subreestimar la ingesta total

[Comparison of 2 methods of evaluation of food and nutrient intake: 24-hour recall and semiquantitative frequency questionnaire]. / Comparación de dos métodos de valoración de la ingesta de alimentos y nutrientes: recordatorio de 24 horas y cuestionario de frecuencia semicuantitativo.

BACKGROUND: Methods of dietary collection at an individual level include various procedures with different estimates of food, energy and nutrients intakes. The aim of this study was to compare two dietary methods widely used in nutritional epidemiology: a 24-hour recall and a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-five people selected at random from the population of the Valle de Arán (Lérida, Spain) were surveyed. Nutritional intake information was obtained from both methods. RESULTS: The frequency method overestimated all the nutrient intakes only before adjustment by energy intake, except for cholesterol. After adjustment by energy intake estimations from both questionnaires were very similar; the percentages of energy supplied by proteins, fatty acids and carbohydrates were very similar, too; the polyunsaturated/monounsaturated fatty acid ratios, were almost the same. Results show a level of correlation between the questionnaires that ranges from 0.81 to 0.23. Nutrients that showed the highest crude correlation between both questionnaires were alcohol, energy, carbohydrates, sodium and iodine (R > or = 0.7) while vitamins C, B1, B6, B12, and A, niacine, folic acid, iron, phosphorus and potassium showed the lowest (R < or = 0.5). Energy adjusted correlations were quite different to unadjusted ones particularly for lipids, monounsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, fiber, cholesterol, zinc and sodium, for which a lower coefficient was calculated after adjustment, and vitamins B2, B6, C, D and potassium, for which a higher coefficient was estimated after energy adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods make similar assessments when adjusting for caloric intake, but food frequency questionnaire tends to overestimate food consumption.

Positioning of the autochthonous Aran Valley population among Basque and Pyrenean people by means of ABO, Rh (D) and Duffy blood group determinations.

A total of 205 unrelated autochthonous individuals of both sexes from the population of the Aran Valley in the central Pyrenees were tested for ABO, Rh and duffy blood groups. This population is of interest because of its relative geographical and historical isolation and its specific peculiarities, such as its own language. The results show a good correlation between the principal component analysis graphic and the geographic positions of the Basque and Pyrenean populations with which the Aranese population is compared.

Variability of the Rh system in a central Pyrenean population (Aran Valley).

This work describes the results of a survey on the Rhesus system carried out in the autochthonous population of Aran Valley, a small and rather isolated region on the Northern side of the Central Pyrenees. Also, a comparison is made with other geographically and historically related populations in order to discuss the data in terms of the historical origin of this population. The data obtained shows a good agreement between observed and expected values in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The Aranese population also reveals some peculiarities concerning some haplotypes. The comparison with European and non European Mediterranean populations shows a clear genetic distance from Basque populations, and a relative proximity with presumably Celtic ones.